English for Mining Engineering

1. English for Mining Engineering Liming

2. Lesson One • Speech Delivered at the First International Mine Planning & Development Symposium • 在第一界国际矿山规划和开发学术讨论会上的发言（讲话） • deliver (1)（使）发表，（使）发达； • ～a speech at a meeting； • ～oneself of an opinion. • (2)交付；～sth to sb 把某物交给某人 • (3)释放；～ sb from danger 救某人出险 • symposium （复数symposia 或symposiums）（专题，学术）讨论会

3. Ladies and Gentlemen（女士们，先生们） • Friends： （朋友们） • Today ,so many distinguishedpersonages and experts in the field of mining from various countries the world over have happily gathered here for academic discussions and technical exchanges in mine planning & development. • distinguished 卓越的，杰出的，高贵的；personages 要人，名流 • experts 专家； field 领域；academic discussions 学术讨论； technical 工艺的，技术/技能的exchanges交流/互换； • May I exchange seats with you?我和你调一下座位可以吗？ • ～ ambassadors 互换大使 • 当今世界各国采矿方面杰出的要人和专家欢聚此地进行采矿规划及开发的学术讨论和技术交流。

4. On behalf of the chinese mining circles ,I would like to express to you our warm welcome for your presence and also our congratulations to your achievements in mine planning and development. • On behalf of 代表； mining circles 采矿界； cultural/academic/theatrical/business circles 文化/学术/戏剧/商 界 • Would like to 喜欢做某事（使语气婉转） • presence 出席/到场; at present 目前/现在；up to the present 至今； • Congratulation 祝贺；achievements 成绩/成就； • 我代表中国的采矿界，对你们的到来表示热烈的欢迎以及对你们在采矿规划与开发方面所取得的成就表示（衷心）祝贺。

5. We regard the symposium as a good opportunity to learn from our foreign friends, and I feel greatly honoured to be able to attend the symposium and given a chance to speak here and to exchange views with you. I’d also like to thank you for the precious time you spare me. • Regard ….as 把……看作；precious 宝贵的/珍贵的；～metals贵金属；～stones 宝石、钻石；precise 精确的/准确的/明确的 • 我们把这个讨论会看作是一个向外国朋友学习的好机会，并且我本人以能参加这次讨论会以及能给予我一个机会在此发言及同你们交流观点而感到极大光荣，同时谢谢你们所给予我的宝贵的时间。

6. Now, I’m going to give you a brief account about the status of chinese mine development • account 叙述；status情形/状况/地位/身份； • 现在我将就中国采矿发展状况简要叙述如下。 • As you all know, China has a long history of mine development. • 众所周知，中国具有悠久的采矿发展史。 • As far back as 6000years ago, copper was being produced in our country. • be的过去时＋being +过去分词 （过去进行时的被动语态形式）。 • be的现在时＋being +过去分词 （现在进行时的被动语态形式）。 • The world’s supplies of copper are being gradually exhausted.世界上 • 铜的供应正在枯竭。 • 追溯到6000年前我国就生产铜了.

7. Today there still exists a well-preserved shaft which was built 2700 years ago. • 今天还存在着一个保存完好的井筒，其建于2700年前。 • However, it was not until the founding of the People’s Republic of China that mine development in china began on a large scale. • 然而直到中华人民共和国的建立，中国的矿业才开始了大规模的发展。 • In 1949 China produced 32 million tons of coal and 0.59million tons of iron ore ,while the output of other nonferrous minerals was even less.

8. million 百万；billion 十亿；iron ore 铁矿石；output 产量； nonferrous 非铁的，有色的；nonferrous mine 有色金属矿山；minerals矿物，矿石； • 在1949年，中国只生产了3200万吨煤和59万吨铁矿石，然而有色金属矿石的产量甚至更少（少的可怜） • As a result of the 30 years of construction, the annual output of coal has reached over 600 million tons, that of iron ore over 120million tons. The output of other nonferrous minerals has also increased significantly. • As a result of 作为…..的结果；construction 建设，建造；annual每年的/年度的；annual output 年产量；that of 代词＝the annual output of ore 矿石；an ore deposit 矿床，ore body 矿体；significant 有意义的/重大的/非偶然的/表明….的（of）

9. 30年建设的结果是煤的年产量超过了6亿吨，铁矿石的年产量超过1.2亿吨，其它有色金属矿石的年产量也极大的增长了。30年建设的结果是煤的年产量超过了6亿吨，铁矿石的年产量超过1.2亿吨，其它有色金属矿石的年产量也极大的增长了。 • China is endowed with abundant mineral resources . • endow 赋予，具有；abundant 丰富的，充裕的； • 中国具有丰富的矿产资源。 • At present, there are known reserves of 600 thousand million tons coal deposits have been found in over half of the 2000 counties, and municipalities throughout the country. • reserves储量；county 县，郡；municipality 市，自治区/自治市/市政府 • known reserves 已知储量；available ~保有储量；actual ~实际储量； • demonstrated/explored~探明储量；designed mine ~矿山设计储量；

10. development reserves开拓储量；D－rank ~D级储量；future/ prospective~远景储量；gross~ 总储量；industrial /recoverable~工业储量/可采储量； mining ~ 开采储量；prepared ~ 采准储量； • workable~回采储量；proven ~ 可靠储量/堪定储量 • 目前，已知的储量有6000亿吨，煤矿床已在全国范围内2000多个县市（自治区）中的一半以上被发现了。 • The proven coal reserves in Shanxi province amount to over200 thousand million tons , China has a wide variety of coals which are of good quality. • 山西省堪定的煤炭储量，总计超过2000亿吨，中国煤的品种很多，且煤的质量好。

11. The proven geological iron ore reserves are 44 thousand million tons. China has as much raw materials as is needed by the iron and steel industry. • 已堪定的铁矿石的地质储量是440亿吨，中国的原材料能满足钢铁工业的需要。(中国的原材料与钢铁工业需要的一样多) • Among them the reserves of clay amount to 1700 million tons, magnesite 2700 million tons, dolomite 7300 million tons, and flux limestone 8800 million tons, China possesses rich and varied nonferrous mineral resources.

12. clay 粘土；amount to合计/总共达；magnesite菱镁矿；dolomite 白云石 flux limestone 熔剂石灰石； • 其中，粘土储量总共达17亿吨，菱镁矿27亿吨，白云石73亿吨，熔剂石灰石88亿吨，中国具有丰富的多种多样的非金属矿产资源。 • The copper base reserves in Shanxi province amount to over 10 million tons, The reserves of three aluminium mines in the provinces of Shanxi , Guangxi and Guizhou each exceeds 100 million tones. • 在山西铜的地质储量总计超过了1000万吨，在山西，广西,贵州省中的三个铝土矿，每一个矿的储量都超过1亿吨。

13. There are many metal mines with several kinds of minerals, for example, the Jinchuan nickle mine in Gansu province has a nickle reserve of 5.4million tons and a copper reserve of 3.4million tons (and the lanping lead-zinc mine in yunnan province possesses a reserve of 10 million tons of lead and zinc). • 有许多金属矿山富有多种矿物，例如，甘肃省的金川镍矿含有镍的储量为540万吨，铜的储量为340万吨（云南省的兰萍铅锌矿拥有铅锌的储量1000万吨。）

14. The mineral deposits of tungsten,tin, antimony, mercury,titanium,vanadium, and rare-earth metals in china occupy special positions in the world. • Tungsten 钨；tin锡；antimony锑；mercury汞/水银；titanium钛；vanadium钒；rare-earth稀土的； • 这些矿床在世界上占有特殊的地位。 • All these await large scale exploitation. • await 等候/期待；exploitation开发/开拓/开采/采准；mine ~矿井开拓； • Exploration勘探/考察；core-drilling ~岩心钻进勘探；geochemical~地球化学勘探； geological~地质勘探；geophysical～地球物理勘探； underground ~井下勘探； • 所有这些矿床都等待着大规模的开发（开采）。

15. There are also certain amount of phosphorus iron oxide, gypsum and boron reserves in china. • Phosphorus 磷； iron oxide 氧化铁；gypsum 石膏； boron 硼； • 中国还有一定储量的磷、氧化铁、石膏和硼等。 • However, prospecting work has still not been done in many regions, with the strengthening of geological work in the future, more underground resources will be discovered and the reserves will be increased greatly. • Prospecting勘探/找矿；strengthening加强/巩固；geological 地质的； • 然而在许多地区，勘探工作还没有进行/开展，将来随着地质工作的不断加强，更多的地下资源将被发现，储量也将极大的增加。

16. We aim at developing our mines, mainly with our own efforts and at the same time, we are also keen on collaborating with friendly countries and enterprises in exploiting our resources. • aim at 目的在于/针对/热心；efforts 努力；be keen on doing sth 渴望/愿望；collaborate with合作/协作； enterprises 事业/企业单位； • 我们的目的是开发矿山，主要依靠我们自己的力量（努力）同时我们也希望与友好的国家和企事业单位合作开发资源。 • We are willing toadoptvarious ways that are currently accepted internationally for technical cooperation and trade and carry out technical and

17. economic cooperation, exchange technical visits and information on the basis ofequality and mutual benefit. • be willing to 愿意…；adopt 采用/采纳/收养；various ways 不同的方式；currently 普遍地；technical cooperation 技术合作；carry out 开展/实现/贯彻执行；on the basis of 在….的基础上；equality and mutual benefit 平等互利；mutual 相互的； • 我们愿意采取国际上普遍接受的不同方式进行技术合作与贸易，并且在平等互利的基础上开展技术和经济合作，交流信息和技术互访。 • We are also willing to collaborate with friendly countries and firms in developing our mines by way ofcompensation trade, joint venture and coproduction of mining machinery.

18. by way of 借助于；compensation trade 补偿贸易；joint 联合的/合办的；venture 商业/冒险； • 通过补偿贸易、合办企业和合作生产采矿机械，我们愿意同友好国家和公司合作开发矿山。 • We have already negotiated extensively with some countries and firms and some agreements have been reached. • Negotiate 谈判/协商；~with sb about (over) sth 与某人谈判或协商某事； • Extensive广大的/广阔的/广泛的；~reading 泛读；the ~democratic rights 广泛的民主权利；agreement( 口头或书面）协定/协议； • Come to( arrive at / make )an ~with 与……达成协议； • a gentleman’s (或gentlemen’s)~ 君子协定； • 我们早已经同一些国家和公司进行了广泛的谈判协商，并且达成了一些共识（签订了一些协议）。

19. In the last few years ,we introduced a large amount of mining machinery, which greatly improved our mine development . We hope to further enhance such cooperation in the future, we especially hope to promote our contacts with those present, to learn from each other ,and to collaborate actively. • Introduce 引进；mining machinery 采矿机械；enhance 提高/ 增加/增强/增进；cooperation 合作/协作； in~ with 与…..合作/协作； • Promote 促进/发扬/引起；~growth (prosperity, understanding)促进生长（繁荣，谅解）；contact 接触，联络，联系；shaft 井筒/矿井；

20. 在过去的几年里，我们引进了大量的采矿机械，这极大的提高了我们的矿山开发（发展）我们希望将来更加增进（促进）此类合作，我们特别希望促进与出席会议人员的联系，互相学习，积极地合作。在过去的几年里，我们引进了大量的采矿机械，这极大的提高了我们的矿山开发（发展）我们希望将来更加增进（促进）此类合作，我们特别希望促进与出席会议人员的联系，互相学习，积极地合作。 • I wish you all happiness and good health Thank you for your attendance. • 我祝愿大家都幸福，身体健康，谢谢大家参加本次会议。

21. Lesson Two • Something About Geology（略谈地质） • Geology is the science dealing with the history and development of the earth, with the composition, character and structure of the earth’s crust, and with geological agencies and processes. • Geology 地质/地质学；composition 构成/组成/成分；deal with 涉及/论及/关于；character特点/特征/性质；structure结构/构造；crust地壳/硬表面；geological地质的；agency作用（活动）geological agency 地质作用； • 地质学是关于地球的历史与发展的科学，论及地壳表层的成分、性质和构造，并涉及地质作用与过程。

22. Geology aims to prospect mineral deposits. It also includes a far wider field. To build dam and bridges and to look for ground water. We must make a study of the local found, its composition and structure, with the help of geological data, we can plan and build rationally. • prospect 勘探（找矿）； mineral 矿物/矿物的；deposit 矿层/矿床/矿体； prospect mineral deposits勘探矿床； field 领域；dam堤坝；ground water 地下水；to make a study of 研究；composition 构成/成分；structure 构造； geological data 地质资料；data 数据； rationally 合理的； • 地质学的目的是勘探矿床，当然其包含领域也很广，建设堤坝和大桥及寻找地下水，我们必须研究当地的地层（发现）,其成分和构造，在地层资料的帮助下，我们能合理的计划和建设。

23. Geology is of great theoretical significance It tells us that everything is always changing and developing ,moreover, geology is of great practical importance, It is the theoretical base (to prospect mineral deposits). • theoretical 理论的；significance 意义/重要性；moreover 而且/此外；practical 实践的/实际的/可行的/实用的； • 地质学具有重大的（深奥的）理论（重要性）意义，它使我们了解到每种事物总是在变和发展，而且地质学具有重要的实践（实用）性，它是勘探矿床的理论基础。

24. After liberation the party and the government pay great attention to geology, The geologists have achieved great successes in geological prospect and now they are doing their best to uncover more underground riches .All these riches will play an important part in industrial and agricultural development. • geologist地质工作者；achieve 获得；uncover 撬开/揭开；riches（pl)财富/宝藏；industrial 工业的/产业的；agricultural农业的/农艺的；~economy农业经济；~machinery 农业机械； • 解放后党和政府给予地质工作极大的关注，地质工作者已经在地质勘探方面取得了巨大成就，并且现在他们正努力探寻更多的地下矿藏，所有这些矿藏将在工业和农业中起重要的作用。

25. Lesson three Minerals(矿物/石) • As all rocks ,with few exceptions, are composed of minerals, it is highly important for us to have a good knowledge of the chief rock-making minerals, we know that minerals are distributed on the earth very widely. About more than 3000 kinds of minerals have been known up to now, but only less than200 can be utilized today. • rock岩石；exception 例外；be composed of 由……组成/构成；knowledge 知识；distribute 分布/分配；chief 首要的/主要的；highly 非常；rock-making 岩石构成的/造岩的；utilize利用； • 因为所有岩石（很少例外）是由矿物组成的，对我们来说，很好的掌握主要造岩矿物是非常重要的。我们知道矿物广泛的分布在地球上，直到现在，大

26. 约有3000多种矿物已被发现了，但只有不到200种的矿物能被利用。约有3000多种矿物已被发现了，但只有不到200种的矿物能被利用。 • With few exceptions少数例外；have a good knowledge of 很好的掌握； • First of all, let us know what a mineral is. A mineral is a naturally occuring substance with a given chemical composition and physical properties, each mineral is composed of one or more than one chemical element . • First of all 首先；chemical composition化学成分；physical properties物理性质；chemical element 化学元素； • 首先我们了解矿物的概念，矿物是一种自然形成的物质，具有一定的化学成分和物理性质，每种矿物是由一种或多种化学元素组成的。

27. Cleavage, colour,luster,hardness and specific gravity are the main physical properties of minerals, and magnetismconductivity and radioactivity are special physical properties of some minerals. • Cleavage解理/劈理；luster 光泽；specific特殊的/比的；specific gravity 比重；magnetism 磁铁/磁力；conductivity传导性；radioactivity放射性； • 解理、颜色、光泽、硬度和比重是矿物的主要物理性质，以及磁性、传导性、放射性是一些矿物的特殊物理性质。

28. Minerals are distinguished from each other mainly by their chemical composition. But it is most fundamental to recognize and identify minerals by their appearance and physical properties. • be distinguished from 区别于； chemical composition 化学成分； fundamental 基本的/原则/根本；recognize 识别/认出；identify辨认/鉴定；appearance 外貌/外表/出现/露面/发表；property财产/资产/地产/财产权/所有权/性质/性能/特性/特征；personal~动产；real ~不动产；～in land 土地所有权；the properties of nature 自然的性质。 • 矿物主要根据化学成分的不同彼此区分，但根据外观和物理特性来区别和辨认矿物却是最基本的。

29. With the development of our industry and agriculture, there will be a greater need of minerals. The study of minerals helps us to discover minerals deposits to meet the needs of our industrialization. • We have a big task to locate more mineral resources to help our country achievethe aim of “the four modernizations”—modern industry, agriculture, national defense and science and technology by the end of the 20th century. • That is why we should study mineralogy and look for more minerals.

30. meet the needs of 满足需要；industrialization工业化/产业化；locate 确定/查找；achieve the aim of 完成/达到/实现…..的目标； modernization现代化； mineralogy矿物学； • 随着工农业的发展，要更加大量的需要矿石/产，矿物的研究帮助我们发现矿床以满足工业化的需要，我们担负着重任，确定更多的矿产资源以促进我国在20世纪末实现四个现代化的目标，即工业、农业、国防和科学技术现代化，这就是我们应该研究矿物学并寻找更多矿产资源的原因。

31. 有关名词： • Sedimentary rock 沉积岩；igneous rock 岩浆岩； • metamorphic rock 变质岩； • bed地/岩/矿层；stratum (strata)地层/岩层； • thin out 尖灭；outcrop 露头； • erode腐蚀/侵蚀/冲刷； • bedrock基岩/底岩； • conglomerate砾岩/碎屑岩； • breccia（断层）角砾岩 • sandstone砂岩；shale页岩；mud泥浆/软泥；

32. gob采空区/矿内废石； • goaf采空区/老塘； • caved~顶板垮落了的采空区； • extensive~很大的采空区； • waste废石/矸石/采空区/老塘； • coarse ～粗废石； • development ~开拓废石/掘进废石; • hanging wall～上盘废石； • quarry~采石厂废石； • wastefill废石充填；

33. Lesson Four • Minerals, Rocks and Ore Deposits • 矿物，岩石和矿床 • Any chemical element or compound occuring naturally in the earth’s crust is called minerals. Minerals are usually in solid state, only water and mercury are in liquid stateat ordinary temperatures. • compound化合物； crust地壳； mercury汞；ordinary 普通、平常； • 自(天)然的出现(生成)在地壳中的化学元素或化合物叫做矿物，矿物通常呈现固体状态，只有水和汞在常温下呈液体状态。

34. The vast majority of rocks are aggregates of minerals, lying in the earth’s crust ,A few rocks are made of organic matter or of volcanic glass instead of minerals，on the basis of their mode of formation, rocks maybe classified in three general groups: sedimentary, igneous and metamorphic. • Vast 大量的； majority多数/大半； aggregate集合体；organic 有机的；volcanic火山的；volcano 火山；an active ~活火山；an extinct~ 死火山；a submarine~海底火山；basis 基础/根据；mode形式/方法；formation构成；classify分类；igneous火成的；sedimentary 沉积的；metamorphic 变质的；element要素/成分； • 赋存于地壳中的绝大多数岩石是矿物集合体，有的岩石是由有机物质或火山喷发的晶质替代矿物形成的，根据岩石构成的形式(成因)可以划分为三大类：即岩浆岩、沉积岩和变质岩。

35. Existing rarely in ordinary rocks, many useful elements such as copper(Cu) lead (Pb) and tin(Sn) are very expensive, But sometimes they are locally concentrated in the ore deposits that can be reasonably mined. • We may say that ore deposits are portions of the earth’s crust greatly enriched with metals. • tin 锡；reasonably合理地/适度地；locally局部地；portion 组成部分/部分；concentrate集中；lead 铅；zinc 锌；enrich使富裕/使丰富；～one’s experience with practice 通过实践来丰富经验； • 许多有用的成分（元素）例如铜、铅和锡等非常昂贵，在普通岩石中赋存（含量）很少，但有时他们局部富集在能被适度开采的矿床里，我们可以说那些富含金属的矿床是地壳的组成部分。

36. Our socialist motherland is one of the countries having the richest resources. Realizing the importance of developing the mining industry, the miners are fighting for mines in a big way and have built up numerous big, medium-sized and small mines all over the country. They will make still greater contributions to developing our mining industry.

37. Our socialist motherland 我们的社会主义祖国； miners矿工； fight for mines in a big way 大打矿山之仗；build up 建设/建造；numerous 无数的；big, medium-sized and small mines 大中小型矿山；all over =throughout；make contributions to doing 为….做贡献； • 我们的社会主义祖国是具有丰富矿产资源的国家之一，认识到发展采矿业的重要性，矿山工作人员正在大打矿山之仗，在国内建成了大量的大中小型矿山，他们还要为发展采矿业而做出更大贡献。

38. Faults(断层) • A fault is a crack or fissure in the earth’s crust, accompanied by vertical displacement of the beds either upwards or downwards from their original position so that the beds or seams on the side of the dislocation are no longer continuous with the same beds or seams on the otherside. • Crack裂纹/缝隙/断裂/破裂；fissure 裂缝/裂隙；displacement位移/移动；dislocation断层/变位；accompany伴随/陪同；vertical 垂直的；bed 地层；seam矿层； upwards向上；downwards向下；original 最初的/原始的；continuous连续的； • 断层就是地壳中的断裂或裂缝，其伴随着地层的垂直位移，沿原始位置向上或向下，以至于使断层两侧的地层或矿层不再连续成一体（断开）

39. Faults result fromexcessivestrainsset up in the rock beds due to earth movements, sometimes these strains become so great as to cause the beds to fracture and at the same time whole masses of strata are pushed up or pulled down. • result from起因于；result in 导致/终归；excessive过渡的/过分的；strain应力；set up产生；due to 应归于；earth movement地壳运动；fracture开裂； whole masses of strata 整个地层；push up 向上推动；pull down 向下拉动。 • 因地壳运动使岩层中产生过高的应力，从而导致断层。有时这些应力变得很大以致于地层开裂，同时整个地层被向上推动或向下拉动。

40. Faults play an important part in mining operations ,as their existence leads to interruption of working and to the necessity in many cases for recovering the displaced seam. • existence存在；necessity必要性；displace转移/移动/变位；mining operations矿山开采；to the best advantage以最有利的方式；interruption中断/打断；～of communication交通中断；service～业务中断/服务中断(停水/电)；recover重新获得/重新找到； • 在矿山开采中断层的影响很大，由于断层的出现使开采工作中断，很多情况下还需要去寻找断失的矿层。

41. In some cases large faultsrunningmore or lessparallel to each otherdivide the coal-field or the “take” of a mine into separate areas and planning has to be made such as to allow the coal between the faults to be worked to the best advantage. • large faults 大断层； running 走向； more or less 大体上/或多或少； parallel to each other 相互平行；take 井田（有采矿权的矿区面积）；separate独立的；planning矿井规划/设计； • 某些情况下，大的断层走向大体上相互平行，它们将煤田或矿田分割成若干独立（不相连）的区域（部分），而矿井设计必须满足这样的要求，使处于各条大的断层之间的煤以最有利的方式开采。

42. 有关名词： • syncline向斜；anticline/saddle 背斜；fold 褶皱 • normal fault 正断层；reverse fault逆断层； • underlying beds 下伏岩层；overlying beds上伏岩层； • roof顶板；floor底板；vein矿脉；seam矿层；gangue脉石/围岩/尾矿； • hanging wall上盘/顶帮；foot wall下盘/下帮； • move upward向上移动；～downward向下移动; • seam-like deposit 似层状矿床；

44. Lesson Five • The Planning of A Colliery (煤矿设计/规划) • The planning of a modern colliery present problems which call for great knowledge of mining. • modern colliery 现代矿山；planning 设计/规划；colliery煤矿；present 提出；call for 需要/； great大量的/深奥的； • 为解决现代矿山设计（规划）中存在的一些问题，需要大量的采矿知识。

45. The work is now entrusted to specialists called planning engineers, who not only lay out the original designs for new collieries, but are constantly engaged in planning ahead for new developments during the life of the colliery。 • entrust委托；engage 保证/约定； lay out 安排/布置/设计； original designs 初步设计；be engaged in 从事于；development 开拓工程； • 这项工作现已委托给专家们－－设计（规划）工程师去进行，他们不但为新矿井做初步设计而且还继续不断地为矿井生产期间的新建开拓工程提前做好设计。

46. It is obvious that such a project can not be entertained until the existence, depth, thickness, inclination and character of the seams to be worked have been fully established. • entertain接受/容纳/招待/怀着/持有；~a proposal接受一个建议；～friends at/to dinner请朋友们吃饭；～hopes/doubts抱着希望/心中存有怀疑； • project计划/方案/工程； inclination倾向/倾角； existence存在/赋存； • Established确定的/确认的. • 显然，在接受一个设计项目之前，必须完全弄清/确认所要开发煤层的赋存情况、厚度、深度、倾角及性质。

47. The planning engineer plans the mine in detail, beginning usually by fixing the site, shape and size of shafts to be sunk. • fixing固定/固定器/确定；site 位置；shape形状；shaft井筒；sink (sank /sunk ) 沉/掘进； • 设计/规划工程师应细致地设计矿井，通常首先确定所要掘进井筒的位置，形状和尺寸。 • The site of the shafts must be decided with regard to a number of factors chief among which are the following: • regard 有关/认为；with regard to 与……有关/考虑； • 确定井筒位置时须考虑很多因素，其中主要因素如下：

48. 1.The shape and extent of the area to be worked; 2.The inclination of the seams; 3.Geological disturbances; 4.The character of the ground to be sunk through; 5.Surface requirements Extent 范围/程度；inclination 倾角/倾斜；disturbance破坏/错动；requirement要求/必要条件；area矿田； 1、待开发矿田的形状与范围； 2、矿床的倾角； 3、地质破坏情况； 4、所要穿过地层的性质； 5、工业广场面积/地表地形条件;

49. In the past colliery shafts were made of various shapes: shafts were sunk of rectangular,circular, polygonal, elliptical shape. • Rectangular矩形的;circular圆形的; polygonal多边形的;elliptical 椭圆形的; • 以前/过去，煤矿所掘进的井筒可有多种形状，井筒被开掘成矩形，圆形，多角形或椭圆形等。 • In present-day practice, however, the circular form is invariably chosen, This offers great strength, is cheaper to sink and affords space for the passage of a large volumes of air required for ventilation. • Invariably不变地/一定； ventilation通风；volumes大量/许多； strength强度

50. 然而，在现代矿井工程实践中，只选用圆形井筒，因为圆形井筒强度较高，掘进费用低，通风空间大。然而，在现代矿井工程实践中，只选用圆形井筒，因为圆形井筒强度较高，掘进费用低，通风空间大。 • Especially is the circular form adopted for sinking through watery strata where water-tight lining has to be inserted; indeed, in such cases the circular form is the only one practicable. • Adopt采用/采纳； watery strata 含水地层； water-tight不漏水的/水密的；lining 衬砌/内壁/井壁；practicable能实行的/行的通的/实用的； water-tight lining不透水井壁。 • 尤其掘进通过含水地层时必须采用不透水井壁，此时更加需要采用圆形断面，实际上，这种情况下圆形断面是唯一切合实际的形式。