Types of Cells

1. Types of Cells

2. Cell Theory • All living things are made up of cells. • Cells are the smallest working units of all living things. • All cells come from preexisting cells through cell division.

3. Definition of Cell A cell is the smallest unit that is capable of performing life functions.

4. Examples of Cells Amoeba Proteus Plant Stem Bacteria Red Blood Cell Nerve Cell

5. Two Types of Cells • Prokaryotic • Eukaryotic

6. Prokaryotic vs. Eukaryotic Cells Eukaryotic means “true nucleus” Organisms: Plants, Fungi, Protists, Animals Divides by: Mitosis Prokaryotic means “before the nucleus.” Organisms: Bacteria & Archaea Divides by: Binary fission Eukaryote Prokaryote

7. Prokaryotic • Do not have structures surrounded by membranes • Few internal structures • One-celled organisms: Bacteria and Archaea

8. Prokaryotic Cellsthree shapes

9. Eukaryotic • Contain organelles surrounded by membranes • Most living organisms Plant Animal

10. http://web.jjay.cuny.edu/~acarpi/NSC/images/cell.gif

11. Another look at the Animal Cell

13. Cell Parts Organelles

14. Organelles Cell membrane Cell Wall Nucleus Nuclear Membrane Nucleolus Centrosomes/Centrioles Chromosomes Cytoplasm Endoplasmic reticulum(ER) Ribosomes Mitochondria Golgi Apparatus Lysosomes Vacuole Chloroplast

15. Cell Membrane • the thin layer of protein and fat that surrounds the cell. • semipermeable, allowing some substances to pass into the cell and blocking others.

16. How does the cell membrane work? • Has 2 layers of MOLECULES = BILAYER • Bi means two • The layers are made up of molecules called phospholipids

17. Cell Membrane: PHOSPHOLIPIDS • Each phospholipids has a HYDROPHOBIC and HYDROPHILIC end • HYDRO = means water • PHOBIC = means afraid • PHILIC = means loving

18. Cell Membrane: PHOSPHOLIPIDS • One end of the molecule is “afraid” of the water and one end “loves” being in the water. • Proteins are stuck inside the membrane • Proteins are across the bi-layer and make the holes that let ions and molecules in and out of the cell

19. Cell Wall • Most commonly found in plant cells & bacteria • Supports & protects cells

20. Nucleus • Directs cell activities • Separated from cytoplasm by nuclear membrane • Contains genetic material - DNA

21. Nuclear Membrane • Surrounds nucleus • Made of two layers • Openings allow material to enter and leave nucleus

22. Nucleolus • Inside nucleus • Contains RNA to build proteins

24. Centrosome • a small body located near the nucleus - it has a dense center and radiating tubules • where microtubules are made • During cell division (mitosis), the centrosome divides and the two parts move to opposite sides of the dividing cell • The centriole is the dense center of the centrosome.

26. Chromosomes • In nucleus • Made of DNA • Contain instructions for traits & characteristics

27. Cytoplasm • Gel-like material outside the cell nucleus • Where the organelles are located • Surrounded by cell membrane • Contains hereditary material

28. Endoplasmic Reticulum • Moves materials around in cell • Smooth type: • lacks ribosomes • Main function is to collect, maintain& transport things • Creates steroids • Rough type (pictured): • ribosomes embedded in surface

29. Ribosomes • Made in nucleus • Each cell contains thousands, small dot like, floating around the cell • Make proteins • There are two kinds of ribosomes • Attached to the rough ER • floating in the cell cytoplasm

30. Mitochondria • The “Power House “ of the Cell • Produces energy through chemical reactions – breaking down fats & carbohydrates • Controls level of water and other materials in cell • Recycles and decomposes proteins, fats, and carbohydrates • spherical to rod-shaped organelles with a double membrane

31. Golgi Bodies • also called the Golgi Apparatus or Golgi Complex • Flattened, layered, sac-like organelle that looks like a stack of pancakes and is located near the nucleus • packages proteins and carbohydrates into membrane-bound vesicles for "export" • It produces the membranes that surround the lysosomes

32. Lysosome • A type of cell vesicles • round organelles surrounded by a membrane • Digestive “plant” for proteins, fats, and carbohydrates • The enzymes bond to food & digest it (acidic interior), releasing smaller molecules absorbed by the mitochondria

33. Vacuoles • Membrane-bound sacs for storage, digestion, and waste removal • In a plant the Large Vacuole contains water solution and helps maintain shape • Plant Cell • Animal Cell

34. Chloroplast • Usually found in plant cells • Contains green chlorophyll • Where photosynthesis takes place • Photosynthesis : the process in which plant use water, carbon dioxide, and energy form the sun to make food (glucose)

35. PLANT CELLS 1. Cell wall 2. One large vacuole 3. Chloroplasts 4. No lysosomes 5. Rectangular 6. Photosynthesis ANIMAL CELLS 1. No cell wall 2. A few small vacuoles 3. No chloroplasts 4. Lysosomes 5. Roundish 6. Respiration Plant vs. Animal Cells

36. REVIEW Two Types of Cells: Prokaryotic and Eukaryotic Animal cells and plant cells are Eukaryotic, but have some differences Cells are made up of many organelles, each having a specific function