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World War Two and the Cold War

World War Two and the Cold War. Great Depression and how Europe and America dealt with the economic problems. America . Hoover FDR and the New Deal Keynes “deficit spending” Gradual Recovery – but not a full one World War Two – full employment. Britain.

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World War Two and the Cold War

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  1. World War Two and the Cold War

  2. Great Depression and how Europe and America dealt with the economic problems

  3. America • Hoover • FDR and the New Deal • Keynes “deficit spending” • Gradual Recovery – but not a full one • World War Two – full employment

  4. Britain • Creation of the National Government – all party coalition • Coped with depression – retrenchment and budget balancing • Encouraged industry to reorganize and rationalize production • Did not solve problem of economic crisis

  5. France • Fascist agitation made greatest headway in this country • Recovering from physical destruction of war, instability of coalition govts, and fear of GR • Reparations issues with Germany and occupation of the Ruhr • Poincare – national union ministry made new taxes, cut govt spending, stabilized the franc and repudiated internal debt

  6. France and the Popular Front • Appearance of fascist leagues • Antirepublican, antidemocratic, monarchist, funded by wealthy industrialist • Mob of fascists assembled at the place de la Concorde • This threat to the republic was met by the Popular Front under Blum – coalition of the left – including the hard core Communists • Reforms – French New Deal

  7. Totalitarianism • Theory of life and human nature (and of govt) • Regarded life as an everlasting emergency • Headed by a dictatorship • Complete control over every aspect of life

  8. Italian Fascism • State of Italy after World War One precarious – did not have a long tradition of democracy • Many of the propertied classes feared a communist take over • Fascists seemed like those who upheld law and order • March on Rome – Mussolini legally named premier – with one year’s emergency powers

  9. Mussolini as fascist leader • Man of action – flamboyant, jumped through hoops, wrestled a tiger, jutted out his jaw • Denounced democracy as outmoded • Preached need of vigorous action, under a strong leader • Preached national solidarity and state management of economic affairs

  10. Corporative State • Fascist organized labor groups (govt) determined working conditions, wages, prices and industrial policies • Govt was the decisive factor • Most extreme form of state control over economic life within a network of private enterprise/ capitalist economy

  11. Rise of Hitler and the Nazi Fascist Party

  12. Rise of Hitler • Fear of Communists • Weakness of the Weimar Republic • Hitler’s Beer Hall Putsch – not really punished and did not serve full jail term • Wrote Mein Kampf • Hitler appealed to many Germans during this economic crisis – but when the Dawes Plan helped save the economy etc – Hitler was on the wane • Great Depression helped to bring him back

  13. Hitler’s rise to power • Hitler came to power legally – under the emergency of the depression and the fear of Communists • Given emergency powers • Began his Nazi state • Anti Semitism • Coordinated all aspects of society from Religion to the economy • Totalitarianism • Use of propaganda • Glorification of violence

  14. Pacifism of the West - Appeasement • Hitler will capitalize on the inability of the West to take a real stand against him • Rearmed Germany • Unified Austria and Germany • Repudiated Locarno agreements • Reoccupied the Rhineland • Mussolini invaded Ethiopia – League of Nations ineffective at stopping him • Spanish Civil War • Sudetenland of Czechoslovakia – Munich Agreement

  15. Nazi Soviet Non Aggression Pact • Invasion of Poland • War • Fall of France – Vichy France under Marshal Petain – Collaboration • Churchill/England stand alone against Hitler • Hitler takes over much of continental Europe • America- Lend Lease

  16. WWII • Nazi Invasion of Russia • Japanese bombing of Pearl Harbor – America enters war • North Africa • Uneasy alliance – USSR, America and England

  17. WWII • Holocaust • Use of the atomic bomb • Moral implications of WWII

  18. Foundations of peace • Yalta – United Nations, what to do with Germany, Eastern Bloc Nations – free and unfettered elections promise • Potsdam – told Stalin that we had the bomb, zones of Germany, denazification

  19. Cold War

  20. Cold War • 1950 US government decides the Soviets are on a path for world domination • Argument: Soviets are willing to do anything to win the struggle therefore the US must be willing to do almost anything

  21. MAJOR EVENTS OF THE COLD WAR

  22. 1946 • Winston Churchill (British Prime Minister) states that an “iron curtain” has descended on Europe

  23. “From Stettin in the Baltic to Trieste in the Adriatic, an ‘iron curtain’ has descended across the continent.”

  24. 1946 • Containment Policy: • Proposal for dealing with the Soviet Union • The communist government will break down if we contain it

  25. 1947 • Truman Doctrine: • States that the US will not let Greece and Turkey become communist and therefore will come to the aid of nations that need help to keep them from turning to communism

  26. 1948 • Marshall Plan • Lend $12 Billion in aid to 16 European nations • US afraid that many nations are so broke that the miserable masses might want to turn to communism

  27. 1948 • Berlin Blockade: • Berlin divided among powers • City in Soviet territory • Soviets irritated at the containment policies

  28. A CITY DIVIDED • Blockaded Berlin in an attempt to force western nations out • Western nations, led by US sent a huge airlift to send food and supplies over the blockade and into the city • The powers decided to split Germany into east and west which increases tensions

  29. 1949 • NATO Permanent military alliances with free democratic European nations to protect members against communist invasions • WARSAW PACT – Soviet alliance

  30. 1949 • China goes communist • Erupts into civil war with Mao Zedong leading communists against nationalists

  31. 1949 • Soviets explode their 1st atomic bomb launching arms race

  32. 1950 • Korean war begins • Soviets in charge in North, US in South • North invaded the south

  33. 1950 • Causes Truman to agree about conspiracy that Soviets trying to take over and spread • Idea that can’t just contain them any more but roll them back

  34. 1950 • Ordered troops to help South Korea • Any part of the world is a potential battlefield

  35. 1956 – Open Revolt in Poland and Hungary • Poland – pressure for independence from Moscow • Gomulka – relaxed political and economic controls • Hungary – Heard about Poland’s success – return of leader Imre Nagy • Reform program – pressure for democratization/parliamentary govt • Soviets installed a more friendly leader – hanged Nagy and brought Hungary back

  36. 1962 • Cuban Missile Crisis • Soviets building nuclear missile bases in Cuba • JFK after discovery demanded Soviets remove missiles • blockaded Cuba

  37. Cuban Missile Crisis • Fearful time –brink of nuclear war? • Troops in Florida ready to attack

  38. Cuban Missile Crisis • A Narrow escape • Soviets remove missiles, US promises not to invade Cuba

  39. 1956-1973 • “A defeat for freedom anywhere is a defeat for freedom everywhere”

  40. Vietnam • Vietnam = French colony never under one solidified government before • 1954 groups of Vietnamese succeeded in overthrowing the French

  41. Vietnam • Us supports France through funds because Ho Chi Minh claims to be a communist • US makes sure this is no election because Minh would have won, so we divided Vietnam in Two and supported the South

  42. Vietnam • Have poured a lot of money into effort and send advisors to help police and military in S. Vietnam become more effective • By 1963 lost confidence in leader we were supporting in S. Viet and we support a military coup

  43. Vietnam • By 1965 – 15,000 advisors involved • Can’t withdraw now and have to increase effort to win • -begin with bombing, therefore needed air force, bases, marines, military etc

  44. Domino Theory • “You have a row of dominoes set up, and you knock over the first one, and what will happen to the last one is the certainty that it will go over very quickly” Pres Eisenhower explaining why the US needed to stop the Communists in Vietnam

  45. Reasons for Vietnam • 1965 – internal documents listed the following • 10% for freedom • 20% to avoid Vietnam going to the communists • 70% to avoid humiliating US defeat

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