The Role of Mitosis in Growth, Repair, and Reproduction

1. Homework #3 is due 11/15Bonus #2 is postedWhat about class on 11/20?

2. {Meiosis: producing gametes} For life to exist, the information (genes) must be passed on. {Mitosis: producing more cells}

3. Fig 7.23 The Cell Cycle

4. Mitosis: A DNA Perspective

5. Mitosis plays a role in: • Growth and Development • Repair and Turnover of Cells • Reproduction • Asexual

6. start of mitosis Box 2.1

7. A basic look at mitosis The Mitotic Spindle (micro- tubules) Sister Chromatids

8. Mitosis is tightly regulated: checkpoints

9. Cell division is regulated by bothpositive and negative signals.Positive signals start the processof cell division.Negative signals inhibit cell division.

10. 2 proteins, Cyclin and Cdk, control entry into mitosis

11. 2 proteins, Cyclin and Cdk, control entry into mitosis. Cdk

12. Balance between Longevity and Health Fig. 3 TRENDS in Ecology and Evolution Vol 21 pg 47

13. Mutations

14. Cancer: Cell Division Gone Wrong

15. Normal Mammalian Cells Have Contact Inhibition

16. Cancer Cells Do Not Have Contact Inhibition

17. Tumors in a Liver normal tumors

18. Cancer: • is the loss of control over cell division. • Tumors are normal cells that are dividing inappropriately. • They stop performing their “normal” function, and are dividing repeatedly.

19. A cell becomes cancerous when there are incorrect positive AND negative signals.

20. GO! STOP! cancer similar to Fig 15.36

21. Multiple mutations are required for cancer to occur

24. Normal Cells Cancer Cells

25. Benign versus Malignant cancer

26. How do these mutations arrise?

27. Chromosome abnormalities in cancer cells(colon cancer cell)

28. Causes of mutations: • Replication errors • Exacerbated by poor DNA repair • Limited by telomere length

29. Causes of mutations: • Replication errors • Exacerbated by poor DNA repair • Limited by telomere length • Other biological agents • Viruses • Transposons

30. Causes of mutations: • Replication errors • Exacerbated by poor DNA repair • Limited by telomere length • Other biological agents • Viruses • Transposons • Environmental factors • Ultraviolet light • Mutagenic chemicals • smoking, industrial waste, natural toxins

31. US Mortality, 2000 # of deaths % of all deaths Rank Cause of Death 1. Heart Diseases 710,760 29.6 2. Cancer 553,091 23.0 3. Cerebrovascular diseases 167,661 7.0 4. Chronic lower respiratory diseases 122,009 5.1 5. Accidents (Unintentional injuries) 97,900 4.1 6. Diabetes mellitus 69,301 2.9 7. Influenza and Pneumonia 65,313 2.7 8. Alzheimer’s disease 49,558 2.1 • Nephritis 37,251 1.5 10. Septicemia 31,224 1.3 Source: US Mortality Public Use Data Tape 2000, National Center for Health Statistics, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 2002.

32. Change in the US Death Rates* by Cause, 1950 & 2000 Rate Per 100,000 1950 2000 Cancer HeartDiseases Pneumonia/Influenza CerebrovascularDiseases * Age-adjusted to the 2000 US standard population. Source: US Mortality Volume 1950, National Vital Statistics Report, 2002, Vol. 50, No. 15.

33. 2003 Estimated US Cancer Cases* Men675,300 Women658,800 32% Breast 12% Lung & bronchus 11% Colon & rectum 6% Uterine corpus 4% Ovary 4% Non-Hodgkin lymphoma 3% Melanoma of skin 3% Thyroid 2% Pancreas 2% Urinary bladder 20% All Other Sites Prostate 33% Lung & bronchus 14% Colon & rectum 11% Urinary bladder 6% Melanoma of skin 4% Non-Hodgkin lymphoma 4% Kidney 3% Oral Cavity 3% Leukemia 3% Pancreas 2% All Other Sites 17% *Excludes basal and squamous cell skin cancers and in situ carcinomas except urinary bladder. Source: American Cancer Society, 2003.

34. 2003 Estimated US Cancer Deaths* Men285,900 Women270,600 Lung & bronchus 31% Prostate 10% Colon & rectum 10% Pancreas 5% Non-Hodgkin 4%lymphoma Leukemia 4% Esophagus 4% Liver/intrahepatic 3%bile duct Urinary bladder 3% Kidney 3% All other sites 22% 25% Lung & bronchus 15% Breast 11% Colon & rectum 6% Pancreas 5% Ovary 4% Non-Hodgkin lymphoma 4% Leukemia 3% Uterine corpus 2% Brain/ONS 2% Multiple myeloma 23% All other sites ONS=Other nervous system. *Excludes basal and squamous cell skin cancers and in situ carcinomas except urinary bladder. Source: American Cancer Society, 2003.

35. Cancer Death Rates*, for Men, US, 1930-1999 Rate Per 100,000 Lung Stomach Prostate Colon and rectum Pancreas Liver Leukemia *Age-adjusted to the 2000 US standard population. Source: US Mortality Public Use Data Tapes 1960-1999, US Mortality Volumes 1930-1959, National Center for Health Statistics, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 2002.

36. Cancer Death Rates*, for Women, US, 1930-1999 Rate Per 100,000 Lung Uterus Breast Colon and rectum Stomach Ovary Pancreas *Age-adjusted to the 2000 US standard population. Source: US Mortality Public Use Data Tapes 1960-1999, US Mortality Volumes 1930-1959, National Center for Health Statistics, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 2002.

38. Tobacco Use in the US, 1900-1999 Male lung cancer death rate Per capita cigarette consumption Female lung cancer death rate *Age-adjusted to 2000 US standard population. Source: Death rates: US Mortality Public Use Tapes, 1960-1999, US Mortality Volumes, 1930-1959, National Center for Health Statistics, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 2001. Cigarette consumption: Us Department of Agriculture, 1900-1999.

40. Tobacco Use in the US, 1900-1999 Male lung cancer death rate Per capita cigarette consumption Female lung cancer death rate *Age-adjusted to 2000 US standard population. Source: Death rates: US Mortality Public Use Tapes, 1960-1999, US Mortality Volumes, 1930-1959, National Center for Health Statistics, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 2001. Cigarette consumption: Us Department of Agriculture, 1900-1999.