Chapter 3

1. Chapter 3 Society and Culture in America

2. Slide 1: The Colonial Population • Soon after arriving to the New World the Europeans and Africans outnumbered the Native populations by the late seventeenth century. • Nonnative population grew through continued immigrations and natural increase • Most of the early English population was non-aristocratic. • This included middle-class, businessmen, and English laborers • The dominant element was the English laborers. • Those of modest means formed the bulk of the early New England population. • They brought over families and immediately established their own land. • Three Fourths of the Chesapeake, however, arrived as indentured servants.

3. Indentured Servants (2) • By the late seventeenth century, indentured servants had become one of the largest elements of population. Few leading on to be farmers, trades people, or artisans. • Many unemployed indentured servants moved to more promising locations every several years, leading onto be one of the most prominent characteristics of the colonial population. • In the 1670s the flow of Indentured Servants began to decline substantially; due to a decrease in English birth rate and an increase in English Prosperity. • In the 1700s the few Indentured Servants left who traveled to America, found work in southern states very harsh. This created a large demand for the increasing centrality of African slavery in southern agricultural economy.

4. Realities of Indentured Servitude – Slide 3 • Indentured servitude was very appealing to those you wanted to employ others. • It was easier than transforming Natives into slaves. • In Chesapeake Bay, the owners got extra land for each servant. • Servants came to America to escape troubles and was faced with more. • Some became successful after servitude where as most were left homeless and broke. • To make a living they would move every few years to a more promising location.

5. #4 Indentured servitude, A practice brought over to the New World from England, existed from the late 1600’s up until the Early 1800’s. Indentured servants were bound to their masters for usually 4 to 5 years. In compensation for their hard labor, Indentured servants were hypothetically given benefits such as clothing, tools, and in some cases land, when in reality most Indentures left their masters without reimbursement. This left the servants unprepared for living in the New World. Some indentured Servants ended up with jobs such as farmers, trades people, or artisans. Although, most faced the prospect of living without employment, without families, and without purpose. Indentured Servitude was a main factor of population by the late 17th century, and made its decline well into the 18th century. Indentured Servitude By Tommy Bradley

6. (6) • Women in the Chesapeake spent most of their lives being pregnant. Most women would bear child about every two years. • Women that lived a long life would have around 8 children. However, 4 or 5 of these children might die as an infant due to dysfunctions. • Childbirth was a main cause of female death. This caused most women to die before seeing their kids reach adulthood

7. Although these hardships took a toll on women, they had more power than women in other colonies. Why? Simply because there were more men than women. Women had more of a choice as to who would be their husband. • Women often out-lived their husbands because they would marry an older man (maybe ten years older) at a very young age. These widows would be left to watch over several children and look over a plantation or farm. However, this gave women a lot of economic power.

8. Women and Families in the Chesapeake (7) By Jackson Charles 9/13/12

9. Widows often married widowers and there were lots of stepchildren and half brothers and sisters living in one household. • High mortality rate resulted in orphaned children, which resulted in special institutions and courts to protect the children. • After the 18th century, life expectancies began to increase, indentured servitude declined, and natural reproduction became the main source of white population increase.

10. Eventually, the sex ratio became equal,and the lifestyles of white people became less perilous and arduous. • However, females lost some of the power they’d had when they’d lived in small families and, since families grew more stable, male authority was restored. • By the middle of the 18th century, southern families had become more patriarchal, meaning that males were typically the head of the family.

11. (12) Other European Immigration to the New World • Many other groups moved to America in the late 1600’s and early 1700’s, including • The Huguenots (French) • Moved due to religious persecution • German Protestants • Left Germany in order to find refuge from religious persecution and the war with France • After being forced out of many places in America, they finally settled in Pennsylvania, some in North Carolina

12. (15) Puritan Community • Puritans society was built on the basis of religious and social unity. •The typical village layout was arranged around a central pasture, or "common". •The size and location of a family's land depended on number of people, wealth, and social status.

13. (15) Puritan Community •Towns generally ran themselves, and got important things done through a yearly town meeting. A group of "selectmen" were chosen to govern until the next meeting. •Only adult men were permitted, and majority of the distinction between them was decided through their membership in church. •All others still had to attend church.

14. Witchcraft 18 • 1680s and 1690s, Witchcraft spread throughout New England • The most famous was in Salem, Massachusetts • Known as the Salem Witch Trials • Girls started presenting strange behavior and blaming it on women in the town doing witchcraft • 1692, The witch trials finally ended • 19 residents of Salem were killed • Later the accusers admitted it was a made up story

15. 19 Witchcraft in New England towns Pg. 87 Blake Oliver • Accusations of witchraft did not only occur in Salem • In the early 1690s witchraft accusations were happening in many New England towns • Majority of accused witches did not fit the social norm of the puritans of the time, many were : -Middle aged -Widowed -Had no children -Were of low social position -often involved in conflicts -Owned land and property (were independent) . These accusations of witchraft in the 1690s were mainly because of the New England colonists and their religious ways and beliefs that caused witchcraft accusations to become common.

16. Slide 20 – Awakenings and Enlightenments • In the eighteenth century, the conflict between the two helped to construct America. • Awakenings • There is a God; but he watches over everyone individually. • Believed in witchcraft. • Moral code: faith is more important than intelligence. • God has authority over everyone. • Enlightenments • Effected both Europe and America. • Focused mostly on science and human reason. • People have authority of their own lives and development of their societies.

17. Slide 20 – Religious Toleration • In Europe, only one religion was allowed. • In America however, a wide variety of religious practices was allowed. • The diversity of people and the vastness of the area made it impractical to appoint one religion for everyone to follow.

18. Jews & Effect of Religion in America p.90 22 • Jews in America were small and could not vote or hold office. • Science, free thought, and Enlightenment ideas caused colonies to doubt religious beliefs in America. • Puritan faith stayed strong due to jeremiads by ministers.

19. The Great Awakening #23 • The Great Awakening began in the 1730’s but reached its climax in the 1740’s • The revival mainly appealed to women and younger sons • The revival was suppose to give everyone the chance to start a new relationship with God. • Evangelists from England spread the word of the revival • John and Charles Wesley went to colonies speaking about the revival. • Jonathan Edwards preached on the traditional Puritan ideas • Absolute sovereignty of God • Predestination • Salvation by God’s grace alone