Road safety and road user behaviour

1. Road safety and road user behaviour Focusing on human factors to improve road safety May 14th 2012, Malaysia

2. Overview • Introduction • Theoretical Framework • Lessons learned • Conclusions Road safety and road user behaviour

3. Introduction • Objective • Context • Enforcement • Motorbikes (& helmet use) • Alcohol • Speed Road safety and road user behaviour

4. Theoretical Framework Sustainable Safety & Human Factors Road safety and road user behaviour

5. Infrastructure: 12-46% Vehicle: 4-25% Human: 63-95% Theoretical Framework Crash causes Road safety and road user behaviour

6. Latent errors Unsafe actions System design Quality control Psychological precursors for unsafe actions Defence mechanisms CRASH Actions during traffic participation Proactive system approach(after Reason, 1990) Road safety and road user behaviour

7. Reasons for unsafe actionsand conformity Source: SWOV Fact sheet Penalties in traffic Road safety and road user behaviour

8. Calibration Physical conditions Task capability Task capability Distraction Illness Psychoactive substances Fatigue Calibration Psychological conditions Competenties (C) Personal characteristics Knowledge Insight Attitudes Stress Competences Experience Skills Education Task capability model (Fuller, 2005; Vlakveld 2001) Road Vehicle Task demands (Weather) situation Other road users Road safety and road user behaviour

9. Lessons Learned: Enforcement & penalties Issue: • Human behaviour largest cause of crashes "Solution": • Enforcement & penalties N.B: • Proactive approach Source: SWOV Fact sheet Penalties in traffic Road safety and road user behaviour

10. Mechanism of police enforcement Source: Wegman, F. & Aarts, L. (red.) (2006). Advancing Sustainable Safety; National Road Safety Outlook for 2005-2020. SWOV, Leidschendam (Figure 8.1 ). Road safety and road user behaviour

11. Lessons Learned: Speeding Issue: • Speeding "Solution": • Reduce speed limit N.B: • Credibility Source: SWOV Fact sheet Speed cameras: how they work and what effect they have Road safety and road user behaviour

12. Poll Road safety and road user behaviour

13. Both 50 kph. Both safe? Both credible? Safe and credible speed management • Safe speeds and safe speed limits • Credible speed limits • Informing drivers • Enforcement • Dynamic speed limits & ISA Source: SWOV Fact sheet Towards credible speed limits &Measures for speed management Road safety and road user behaviour

14. Through road Distributor road Access road Predictable roads and traffic behaviour as basis for safe traffic • Preventing errors by: • Recognizable situations: consistency in road design • Predictable road course: continuity in road design • Anticipated result: • More routine traffic behaviour: fewer errors • More predictable behaviour of other road users Road safety and road user behaviour

15. Credibility features • Accelerators: • Open road environment • Wide road • Straight road stretches • High quality road surface • Decelerators: • Dense road environment • Narrow roads • Short road stretches • Physical speed reducers • Low quality road surface Source: SWOV Fact sheet Towards credible speed limits Road safety and road user behaviour

16. Lessons Learned: Speeding Issue: • Speeding "Solution": • Lower average speed driven N.B: • Greater speed differences could cancel out safety effects! Source: SWOV Fact sheet The relation between speed and crashes Road safety and road user behaviour

17. Lessons Learned: Alcohol Issue: • Drunk driving "Solution": • Higher penalties N.B: • Effectiveness Source: SWOV Fact sheet Driving under the influence of alcohol & Penalties in traffic Road safety and road user behaviour

18. Lessons Learned: Enforcement Issue: • Weak enforcement "Solution": • Increase enforcement N.B: • Effectiveness ↑ when… Source: SWOV Fact sheet Police enforcement and driving speed Road safety and road user behaviour

19. Lessons Learned: Enforcement N.B: • Effectiveness ↑ when… • Location with speed related problem • Average speed checks • Clearly visible • Purpose (road safety) = clear Source: SWOV Fact sheet Police enforcement and driving speed Road safety and road user behaviour

20. Lessons Learned: Campaigns Issue: • Road safety affects entire population "Solution": • Campaigns that target entire population N.B: • Target specific groups Effectiveness↑ Source: Hoekstra, T & Wegman, FCM (2011). Improving the effectiveness of road safety campaigns: current and new practices. IATSS Research, 34(2), 80-86 Road safety and road user behaviour

21. Lessons Learned: Campaigns Issue: • Road users’ behaviour "Solution": • Education N.B: • Road users are not rational! Source: Hoekstra, T & Wegman, FCM (2011). Improving the effectiveness of road safety campaigns: current and new practices. IATSS Research, 34(2), 80-86 Road safety and road user behaviour

22. Lessons Learned: Young novice drivers Issue: • Lack of experience "Solution": • Extra training N.B: • More inclined to drive in dangerous conditions! Source: SWOV Fact sheet Post-licence training for novice drivers Road safety and road user behaviour

23. Lessons Learned: Motorcyclists Issue: • High risk for motorcyclists "Solution": • Use car instead N.B: Measures • Visibility & conspicuousness • Extra training (motorcyclist & car driver!) • Road environment • Protective clothing Source: SWOV Fact sheet Motorcyclists Road safety and road user behaviour

24. Lessons Learned: Motorcyclists & Moped riders Issue: • Head injury "Solution": • Helmets N.B: • Wearing Source: SWOV Fact sheet Motorcycle and moped helmets Road safety and road user behaviour

25. Conclusions The solution to road safety issues: • are not simple! • require taking human factors into account • require a proactive approach • require combined efforts Road safety and road user behaviour

26. More information: www.swov.nl • Factsheets • Up to date information on road safety topics • Publications • Reports on SWOV road safety research • Library • Netherlands’ largest road safety research catalog • Newsletter • Subscribe online (or leave me your business card) • Contact: maura.houtenbos@swov.nl Road safety and road user behaviour