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1 Department of Chemistry, University of Antwerp, Campus Drie Eiken,

Influence of different types of heating systems on particulate and gaseous pollutant deposition: the case of churches situated in a cold climate Z. Spolnik 1 , A. Worobiec 1 , L. Bencs 1,2 , L. Samek 3 , V. Kontozova 1 , R. Van Grieken 1.

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1 Department of Chemistry, University of Antwerp, Campus Drie Eiken,

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  1. Influence of different types of heating systems on particulate and gaseous pollutant deposition: the case of churches situated in a cold climate Z. Spolnik1, A. Worobiec1, L. Bencs1,2, L. Samek3, V. Kontozova1, R. Van Grieken1 1 Department of Chemistry, University of Antwerp, Campus Drie Eiken, Universiteitsplein 1, B-2610 Antwerp, Belgium 2 Research Institute for Solid State Physics and Optics, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, P.O. Box 49, H-1525 Budapest, Hungary 3 University of Mining and Metallurgy, Krakow, Poland

  2. The church of Rocca Pietore, Italian Alps.

  3. Investigated heating systems in Rocca Pietore: 1. Hot air blowing heating system (HA) 2. Electrical heated pews(El)

  4. Chuch of Szalowa, Poland

  5. Provisory electrical heaters (IR) Investigated heating systems in Szalowa:

  6. Used analytical methods: Particulate pollution • Energy dispersive X-ray fluorescence analysis (EDXRF) – analysis of bulk samples. 2.Single particle analysis by ultra thin window EPMA – analysis of size-segregated samples. Gaseous pollutants • The sampling of NO2, SO2 and O3 gases by diffusion tubes (radiello, Italy). • Analysis – ion chromatography and UV-VIS • spectrophotometry

  7. Energy Dispersive XRF (EDXRF) • Analyses of the filters were performed on a Tracor Spectrace 5000 EDXRF instrument. • The measured intensities were converted into elemental concentration by application of the AXIL program code. • Low – Z elements analysis by EPMA • JEOL 733 electron probe micro analyser with OXFORD Pentafet EDX detector super atmospheric thin window (U = 10 kV, I = 1 nA) • Liquid-nitrogen-cooled sample stage (T= -193 °C) Classification of particles • Non-hierarchical cluster analysis using Forgy algorithm was applied as statistical method for characterisation of the particles. • Classification of the particles was based on the elemental weight concentrations.

  8. HAOn HAOff ElOn ElOff IROn IROff Particulate pollution: results of EDXRF 500 400 300 x10-1 Concentration, ng/m3 200 100 0 K Ca S

  9. HAOn 100 HAOff ElOn ElOff 80 IROn IROff X10-1 Concentration, ng/m 3 60 X10-1 40 X10-1 X10-1 20 0 Fe Al Si Cl Zn Ti Pb Particulate pollution: results of EDXRF

  10. CONCLUSIONS • Hot air blowing heating system deteriorates the plastered walls and re-suspends soil dust brought by visitors from outside; • Electrical heating system re-suspends the • particulate matter brought from outside; • However the concentrations go down very fast • after the heating is switched off. • Infra-red heaters do not influence the re- • suspension.

  11. 100% 90% 80% 70% (NH4)2SO4 Na-rich 60% Fe-O-rich relative abundance 50% Ca-O-rich ORG+AlSi 40% ALSI ORG 30% 20% 10% 0% Hot air (off) Hot air (on) Electrical (off) Electrical (on) IR (off) IR (on) Type of heating system Results of EPMA – single particle analysis Fine particle fraction

  12. Agglomerates 100% NaCl SiO2+org 80% Na-S-O-rich Fe-O-rich 60% Relative abundance Ca-O-rich 40% Ca-rich+org AlSi 20% Organic 0% Hot air (off) Hot air (on) Electrical (off) Electrical (on) IR (off) IR (on) Type of the heating system Results of EPMA – single particle analysis Coarse particle fraction

  13. CONCLUSIONS We assume that: • All the heating systems re-suspend particulate matter broughtfrom outside. • According the intensity of the re-suspension, the investigated heating systems can be placed in the following order: • Hot-air blowing system • Electrical heated pews • Infra red heaters.

  14. Only the hot air blowing heating system • could generate pure organic particles. • The application of hot air blowing heating • system also provoked the deterioration of • the plastered walls creating an extra internal • source of Ca. • The surface of the plastered walls is violated • anddeterioration process continuesafter • thechanging ofthe heating system.

  15. Gaseous pollutants (µg/m3) NO2 in Antwerpen museum (inside) 23-34 µg/m3

  16. CONCLUSIONS • The existence of an internal source of NO2 • caused by the combustion of diesel oil in the • fuel-chamber and/or burning candle is assumed. • However we assume that the concentrations • of NO2 found inside the church of Rocca Pietore • are not dangerous for the art works stored there.

  17. THANK YOU FOR YOUR ATTENTION!

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