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Salvete, discipuli! Chapter VII: Independent Subjunctive Uses

Salvete, discipuli! Chapter VII: Independent Subjunctive Uses. Review Sessions. Monday, 10/12 @ 4-5:30 in SZB 524 Tuesday, 10/13 @ 5:30-7 in WAG 208 Thursday, 10/15 @ 1-2:30 in CAL 221. Hortatory/Jussive Deliberative Potential Optative. Independent Uses. Independent Uses.

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Salvete, discipuli! Chapter VII: Independent Subjunctive Uses

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  1. Salvete, discipuli! Chapter VII: Independent Subjunctive Uses

  2. Review Sessions • Monday, 10/12 @ 4-5:30 in SZB 524 • Tuesday, 10/13 @ 5:30-7 in WAG 208 • Thursday, 10/15 @ 1-2:30 in CAL 221

  3. Hortatory/Jussive Deliberative Potential Optative Independent Uses

  4. Independent Uses Hortatory/Jussive Deliberative Potential Optative

  5. Hortatory/Jussive Subjunctive The Hortatory/Jussive Subjunctive expresses a strong suggestion or exhortation. (1st person = Hortatory, 2/3rd = Jussive) It typically is translated with the word “Let” or “May” in English To negate the Jussive/Hortatory, use the particle nē. Pecūniam nautīs demus. = Let’s give money to the sailors. Pius vīvat, impius interficatur! = Let the pious man live, let the impious man die! Romam eāmus, mī amīcī! = Let’s go to Rome, my friends! Nē Romanī verī ex hostibus fugiant, sed eōs pugnent! = Let true Romans not flee from the enemies, but fight them!

  6. Hortatory/Jussive Subjunctive In the 2nd person, the Hortatory/Jussive Subjunctive can be used as a more polite command than the imperative. It typically is translated just like the imperative in English. In addition to the present tense, which indicates the cessation of an action, one can use the perfect tense to create a simpler command. Ne eōs servōs liberetis, mī amīcī! = Don’t free those slaves, my friends! Nē virōs ad bellum sine armīs duxeris. = Don’t lead the men to war without arms. Fēr tuum librum meae matrī, Brute. = (Please) bring your book to my mother, Brutus.

  7. Translation Practice Examples: Hostēs malōs vīcerimus aut ā eīs interfectī simus! Nē sine mē, patrēs conscriptī, cōnsilium capiatis.

  8. Independent Uses Hortatory/Jussive Deliberative Potential Optative

  9. Deliberative Subjunctive The Deliberative Subjunctive is used to deliberate actions. One of the most prevalent uses is the rhetorical question. It is translated as “might”, “would” or “could” in English. The present tense is used to deliberate present/future actions; the imperfect tense is used to indicate deliberations in the past. To negate a deliberative subjunctive, use the particle “nōn”. Ubi cum meīs fortunīs malīs vivam? = Where might I live with my bad fortunes? Quid faceres? = What would you have done?

  10. Translation Practice Examples: Quid ad rēgīnam scrībat? Ubi cum meō filiō domum faciam? O amīca, tuum cōnsilium des.

  11. Independent Uses Hortatory/Jussive Deliberative Potential Optative

  12. Potential Subjunctive The Potential Subjunctive is used to describe a possible or potential action. It is typically translated into English by supplying the preposition “might”, and“would”. In the present or perfect tense, the potential subjunctive denotes a possibility in the present or future. However, in the imperfect, it denotes a possibility that existed in the past. To negate the potential subjunctive, use the particle “nōn”. Urbem cum mīlitibus bonīs vincamus.= We would conquer the city with good soldiers. Ad īnsulam vela daremus, sed puellās pulchrās vīdimus. = We would have set sail to the island, but we saw the beautiful girls. Cum rēgīnā acerba nōn pugnāverim. = I wouldn’t fight with the harsh queen.

  13. Translation Practice Examples: Dē eīs errārēs. Sine gladiō pugnāre nōn potuerim.

  14. Independent Uses Hortatory/Jussive Deliberative Potential Optative

  15. Optative Subjunctive The Optative Subjunctive is used to talk about wishes. It is translated as “would”, “were” or “had” in English. The present tense is used to describe future wishes; the imperfect tense is used to describe present unfulfilled wishes; the pluperfect tense is used to describe past unfulfilled wishes. Many times, an “utinam” introduces the Optative. (sometimes “ut”) To negate a deliberative subjunctive, use the particle “nē”.

  16. Optative Subjunctive Rōmae vīvimus. We live in Rome. Rōmae vīvāmus! Let’s live in Rome. Utinam Rōmae vīvāmus! Would that we live in Rome! Rōmae vīveremus! If only we were living in Rome! Rōmae vīxissemus! If only we had lived in Rome!

  17. Translation Practice Examples: Utinam deī bonam fortunam mihi dent! Tū ibi fuisses! Valeat, valeat, cīvēs meī! Utinam mē audīrēs!

  18. How to determine the Subjunctive use? Punctuation Deliberate Subjunctive has a “?” Potential, Jussive/Hortatory andOptative have a “.” or “!” Negation Deliberative and Potential use “nōn” Jussive/Hortatory and Optative use “nē” Context “Let” versus “might” versus “would” Utinam = Optative Tense Jussive/Hortatory: Present/Perfect Potential: Present/Perfect/Imperfect Optative: Present/Imperfect/Pluperfect

  19. homework? Translation Practice VII

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