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+ q free on inner surface. + + + + + + + + + + + +. - q bound. Symmetry – fields must be uniform – field lines perpendicular to plates . + q bound. - - - - - - - - - - - -. - q free on inner surface. Interior points electric
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+qfreeon inner surface + + + + + + + + + + + + -qbound Symmetry – fields must be uniform – field lines perpendicular to plates +qbound - - - - - - - - - - - - -qfreeon inner surface Interior points electric field must be zero
+ + + + + conductor - - - dielectric Gauss’s Law
dielectric constant frequency
+ + + + + + + + + + + + - - - - - - - - - - - - V = 0
iron core BFe HFe Bgap Hgap gap region i coil windings Bair Hair
thickness t width L q = - e area A electrons are the charge carriers in copper
+ + + + + + + + + dy + + + + + + + + + F - - - - - - - - - -q +q
Induced dipole moment – helium atom +2e +2e -e -e -e -e Zero electric field – helium atom symmetric zero dipole moment A B effectively charge +2e at A and -2e at B dipole moment p = 2ed
Er E P r2 r + (d/2)cos r1 r – (d/2)cos r (d/2)cos +q -q
dA +f + + + + + + + + + -b +b - - - - - - - - - -f
-q +q
S +f -b O r +b -f
- - - d r Pcos + S + + The area of the shaded ring between and + d is equal to
+Ze +Ze d a a d << a