On Misunderstanding the Oedipus Rex

1. On Misunderstanding the Oedipus Rex E. R. Dodds

2. “In what sense, if in any, does the Oedipus Rex attempt to justify the ways of God to man?” • 1st Group? • 2nd Group? • 3rd Group? • What does Dodds say about each group’s response?

3. First Group The play justifies the gods by showing or proving that we get what we deserve

4. Second Group The play proves that man has no free will but is a puppet in the hands of the gods who pull the strings that make him dance

5. Third Group Sophocles is a pure artist and was therefore not interested in justifying the gods. The story of Oedipus is simply used to make an exciting play.

6. Response to First Group • Can we find moral fault in Oedipus? • He IS proud and overconfident. Is that enough to constitute the hamartia of Oedipus? • Did Sophocles intend us to think Oedipus a good man? YES • His hamartia exists in his parricide and incest, not with losing his temper with Tiresias • Could Oedipus have avoided his fate? NO! The oracle unconditionally says you WILL kill your father and sleep with your mother.

7. Response to Second Group • We cannot view the play from one of the two clear-cut views – either we believe in free will or else we are determinists • Certainly Oedipus’ past actions were fate-bound; but everything else that he does ON THE STAGE from the first to the last he does as a free agent • What causes his ruin is his own strength and courage, his loyalty to Thebes, and his loyalty to the truth. In all this we are to see him as a free agent

8. Response to Third Group • A healthy reaction against the old moralizing school of critics BUT • Sophocles did not believe that the gods are, in any human sense, just • He did not always believe that the gods exist and that men should revere them • It is looking through our Christian spectacles that we demand God to be just. The older world saw no such necessity • There is an objective world order which man must respect, but which he cannot fully hope to understand

9. Conclusion Certainly the Oedipus Rex is a play about the blindness of man and the desperate insecurity of the human condition: in a sense every man must grope in the dark as Oedipus gropes, not knowing who he is or what he has to suffer; we all live in a world of appearance which hides us from who-knows-what dreadful reality. But surely the Oedipus Rex is about human greatness.

10. Contd. Oedipus IS great, not in virtue of a great worldly position – for his worldly position is an illusion which will vanish like a dream – but in virtue of his inner strength: strength to pursue the truth at whatever personal cost, and strength to accept and endure it when found. Oedipus is a kind of symbol of the human intelligence that cannot rest until it has solved all the riddles – even the last riddle, to which the answer is that human happiness is built on an illusion