1 / 27

Population Health for Health Professionals

Population Health for Health Professionals. Module 2. Epidemiology The Basic Science of Public Health. OBJECTIVES. epidemiology and role as foundation for public health common measures of disease frequency strengths and weaknesses of study designs applications of epidemiologic method.

hien
Download Presentation

Population Health for Health Professionals

An Image/Link below is provided (as is) to download presentation Download Policy: Content on the Website is provided to you AS IS for your information and personal use and may not be sold / licensed / shared on other websites without getting consent from its author. Content is provided to you AS IS for your information and personal use only. Download presentation by click this link. While downloading, if for some reason you are not able to download a presentation, the publisher may have deleted the file from their server. During download, if you can't get a presentation, the file might be deleted by the publisher.

E N D

Presentation Transcript

  1. Population HealthforHealth Professionals

  2. Module 2 Epidemiology The Basic Science of Public Health

  3. OBJECTIVES • epidemiology and role as foundation for public health • common measures of disease frequency • strengths and weaknesses of study designs • applications of epidemiologic method

  4. Part I Key Terms and Measures

  5. Epidemiology • Study of distribution of determinants and antecedents of health and disease in human populations • Application of results to control of health problems

  6. From Hippocratesto John Graunt • Fifth century BCE, Hippocrates pointed to the need to understand the environment and the risks it posed to understand the experience of disease • 1662, John Graunt analyzed weekly reports of births and deaths in London, quantifying patterns of disease in the population

  7. From William Farrto John Snow • 200 years later, Dr. William Farr was made responsible for medical statistics in the Office of the Registrar General for England and Wales • A mere 20 years later, John Snow completed his study of cholera

  8. Modern Experiences • Evaluation of risk factors for chronic diseases using case controls • Long term population studies using cohorts • Design of clinical trials to evaluate interventions

  9. Expected level Endemic Sporadic Epidemic Pandemic Three Essential Components • Disease distribution • Disease determinants • Disease frequency

  10. Epidemiologic Studies • Descriptive • Analytic

  11. Descriptive Studies • Frequency of occurrence of particular condition • Patterns of occurrence according to person, place and time

  12. Analytic Studies • Observational studies • case-control studies • cohort studies • prospective • retrospective • Experimental studies

  13. Case Control Study Exposure Disease ? ? Key Basis for selection of group for study = present = absent

  14. Prospective Cohort Study Exposure Disease ? ? Key Basis for selection of group for study = present = absent

  15. Retrospective Cohort Study Exposure Disease ? ? Key Basis of selection of group for study = present = absent

  16. Analytic Studies • Observational studies • Experimental studies • Intervention studies • Clinical trials

  17. Basic Presentation of Results All rates and ratios discussed can be calculated from this.

  18. Smokingand Carcinoma of the Lung

  19. Bias information selection Confounding extraneous factors Effect modification statistical interaction Interpreting Results: Measurement Errors

  20. Strength of the association Consistency Temporality Plausibility Biological gradient Interpreting Results: Cause-Effect Relationship

  21. Measures of Disease Frequency • Prevalence • Incidence

  22. Prevalence= number of existing cases divided by total population Visual examination survey 310 X 100 = 12.5% 2477 Prevalence

  23. Types of Prevalence Measures

  24. Incidence • Incidence = number of new cases in a given period of time divided by the total population at risk • Bacteremia among contraceptive users • 27/483 X 100 = 5.6%

  25. Types of Incidence Measures

  26. Crude Category specific Age adjusted Rates Commonly Used in Epidemiology

  27. Module Author Fran C. Wheeler, Ph.D School of Public Health University of South Carolina

More Related