A frican M onsoon M ultidisciplinary A nalyses

1. African Monsoon Multidisciplinary Analyses • Afrikanske Monsun: Multidisiplinære Analyser • Afrikaanse Moesson Multidisciplinaire Analyse • Analisi Multidisciplinare per il Monsone Africano • Afrikanischer Monsun: Multidisziplinäre Analysen • Analisis Multidiciplinar de los Monzones Africanos • Analyses Multidisciplinaires de la Mousson Africaine

2. The WAM is an ideal natural laboratory for exploring the coupled atmosphere-land-ocean system Key features of the West African Monsoon Climate System during Boreal summer Heat Low SAL AEJ ITCZ Cold Tongue

3. Endorsed by Major International Programmes Collaboration with other international Programmes as: WMO AMMA is definitively International More than 500 Researchers from around 30 countries in Africa, Europe & USA Algeria, Belgium, Benin, Burkina Faso, Cameroon, Cap Verde, Chad, Congo, Denmark, France, Germany, Ghana, Italy, Ivory Coast, Mali, Morocco, Netherlands, Niger, Nigeria, Senegal, Spain, Togo, UK, US

4. 1. AMMA International • To improve our understanding of the WAM and its influence on the • physical, chemical & biological environment regionally and globally. AIMS (2) To provide the underpinning science that relates variability of the WAM to issues of health, water resources, food security & demography for West African nations and defining and implementing relevant monitoring & prediction strategies. (3)To ensure that the multidisciplinary research carried out in AMMA is effectively integrated with prediction & decision making activity.

5. ICIG PO WG2 WG3 WG5 WG1 WG4 ST4Capacity building & training IGB Endorses the Science & Implementation Plans Produces the Science & Implementation Plans Integrative Science Obs implementation ISSC TT1 Radio soundings WAM & global climate (incl aerosol/chemistry TT2a Surface Layer TT2b Aerosol & Radiation Water cycle TT3 Gourma site TT4 Niamey site Land surface-atmosphere- ocean feedbacks ST3 Database ST1 EOP/LOP TT5 Ouémé site TT6 Oceaic campaigns Prediction of climate impacts TT7 SOP-Dry season High impact weather prediction ST2 incl AOC TT8 SOP-Monsoon season AMMA National & Pan Scientific Committees TT9 SOP-Downstream ARM Links with International Programmes (WCRP, IGBP, THORPEX, ..)

6. WG1: West African Monsoon and Global Climate Co-chairs: Arona Diedhiou (IRD, Niger), Serge Janicot (LOCEAN, France) Peter Lamb (Univ. Oklahoma, US) This WG is concerned with the 2-way interactions between the West African Monsoon & the rest of the globe. Research areas under this theme include: (i) Variability and predictability of the WAM (nature and role of teleconnections, intraseasonal variability including easterly waves, predictability issues and the role of the ocean, detection of global change), (ii) Monsoon processes (e.g. scale interactions, the seasonal cycle and monsoon onset), (iii) Global impacts of the WAM (e.g. on tropical cyclones, aerosol variability, atmospheric chemistry). n.b. includes aerosol-chemistry, modeling strategy evolving

7. WG1: West African Monsoon and Global Climate Dominant pattern of precipitation error associated with dominant pattern of SST prediction error based on persistent SST anomalies (Goddard & Mason ,Climate Dynamics, 2002) Coupled model systematic error in equatorial SST simulation – note systematic error in east-west gradient in the tropical Atlantic

8. 10 4 10 3 10 2 10 1 10 years of observation and research WA + Ocean ong term Observations (LOP) Regional Enhanced Period (EOP) E 0 0 S O P 10 3 Meso WET DRY Local 2006 2007 2008 2002 2005 SOP0_a3 ?

9. >>The US contribution to AMMA data collection is significant, about $14M. >>In addition, there are US contributions to AMMA from NCEP as well as individual PIs funded for analytical work on the WAM. >>Recognizing this large investment by U.S. funding agencies a U.S. AMMA workshop was convened with the following aims: (1)    provide an overview of the national and international AMMA project including planned research and field observations,     (2) discuss and identify the key science issues that interest US PIs in the context of AMMA,  (3)  define coordinated actions for US contributions to AMMA

10. US contributions to AMMA field program in 06 ARM mobile facility (DOE) MIT-radar (NASA) Surface obs. – malaria studies (NOAA) SALEX: NOAA P3 and G-IV Targeted Missions and Dropsonde flights with G-IV NASA-AMMA Targeted Missions with DC-8, + Ground-based obs. (N-Pol + TOGA radars, soundings) Driftsonde/THORPEX (NCAR/NSF/NOAA + CNES, France) ZEUS lightning detection network? Surface-based research radars US-GCOS: Hydrogen generator at Dakar Ronald H. Brown Cruises + ship-based obs (NOAA), supported by multi-year sustained obs (see next slide) Climate Transect

11. Long-term observations in the tropical Atlantic

12. Key Science Issues for WG1: West African Monsoon and Climate • Monsoon processes, • >The role of SSTs on the evolution of the WAM • >The southern hemisphere tropical stratus deck and the WAM • >> Scale interactions (e.g., weather/jet interactions and the WAM) •    >Diabatic heating profiles and their impact on WAM circulations. • Variability and Predictability of the WAM, • > >Mechanisms that force SST variability >Variability of mesoscale and synoptic weather systems and their • relationship with the large-scale environment; •   >Proxies for rainfall to extend the observational record. • Offshore impacts of the WAM, • ·  >Impacts of variability of the WAM (e.g., linked to shear, SAL, weather systems) on variability of tropical cyclone activity. • (i

13. Aerosol/Radiation issues >Relative roles of local biomass burning and transport of plumes from other parts of the region on the radiation budget. >Quantify the extent aerosol experiences wet deposition and affects the chemical composition of the rainwater. >Respective roles of dust and biomass burning in modulating the radiation heating profile over West Africa (and how this impacts the WAM).  A key cross-cutting activity that falls under the auspices of WG1 is the US-led West African Monsoon Model Evaluation (WAMME) project. This is a CEOP/CIMS modeling initiative led by Yongkang Xue, Kerry Cook and Bill Lau and is concerned with evaluating models in the WAM region.

14. 3.1 AMMA US Science Team Recognizing the significant US role in the AMMA field campaign and the keen interest of many US PIs in AMMA Science (79 people attended this workshop), an AMMA Science team built around funded contributions to the five international WGs and including an emphasis on the cross-cutting themes (Modeling of the coupled WAM system and Climate impacts) was formed. The AMMA Science Team will be coordinated by an excutive committee that consists of : Kerry Cook, Jason Dunion, Fatih Eltahir, Greg Jenkins, Paul Houser, Arlene Laing, Peter Lamb, Erica Key, Bob Molinari, Chris Thorncroft, Sylwia Trzaska.

15. ADVANTAGES TO U.S. AMMA PROGRAM BECOMING A U.S. CLIVAR PROPOSED ACTIVITY • Access to PSMIP activities directed at improving models • Access to other process study PI’s to learn from their experiences in data analyses, modeling, modeler-data collector interactions, etc. • Advice from PMSIP on adequacy of U.S. AMMA planning and implementation • Assist U.S. CLIVAR in coordination efforts with similar national and international studies • Benefit from PMSIP interactions with in situ and satellite observations communities • CONVERSELY, U.S. CLIVAR WILL BENEFIT FROM AMMA EFFORTS DIRECTED AT PMSIP GOALS