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Byzantium

Chapter 13. Byzantium. Great location Constantinople=capital in 340 C.E. (kept name until controlled by Ottoman Turks in 1453 C.E. when it was renamed Istanbul) Named Byzantium after Byzantion , fishing village Eastern half of classical Roman Empire that remained intact.

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Byzantium

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  1. Chapter 13 Byzantium

  2. Great location Constantinople=capital in 340 C.E. (kept name until controlled by Ottoman Turks in 1453 C.E. when it was renamed Istanbul) Named Byzantium after Byzantion, fishing village Eastern half of classical Roman Empire that remained intact The Early Byzantine Empire

  3. Sasanids were a threat Tightly centralized rule under a highly exalted and absolute emperor Caesaropapism=emperor not only over secular affairs but also religious affairs

  4. Justinian (527-565): “the sleepless emperor”, wife Theodora, built Hagia Sophia, codified Roman law, reconquered some of the western Roman empire for a time Muslims were a threat by the 7th century and sieged Constantinople Theme system=a province was under the jurisdiction of a general who was responsible for military defense and civil administration

  5. Basil II (976-1025): “Basil the Bulgar-Slayer” Byzantine claim to western European lands was challenged by Charlemagne, Otto of Saxony Western Europe and Byzantium had bad relations, tension

  6. Had abundant agricultural surpluses, supported large number of crafts workers, participated in trade Large class of free peasants who owned small plots of land was good Wealthy owning large estates was bad because of tax loopholes and lack of recruits for military Byzantine Economy & Society

  7. In spite of this problem, still wealthy Crafts= glassware, linen and woolen textiles, gems, jewelry, gold and silver work, silk Connected lands of the Black Sea with lands of the Mediterranean Sea, dominated trade Collected customs duties Banks and partnerships

  8. Constantinople had no rival “the City” Imperial palace, palaces of aristocrats Women often were not at parties Apartments, tenements Baths, taverns, restaurants, theatres, stadiums, chariot races

  9. Local inhabitants spoke Greek Scholars didn’t learn to read Latin, read New Testament and Greek philosophy Private tutors for the rich, others had state school system that taught Greek philosophy and literature Classical Heritage

  10. Basic literacy was widespread School of higher learning in Constantinople Focused on humanities Saw themselves as direct heirs of classical Greece

  11. Emperors participated in theological debates, more than just government leaders 325 C.E. Constantine calls Council of Nicaea Church and state not separate Patriarch of Constantinople Orthodox Christianity

  12. Iconoclasm=the breaking of icons, Emperor Leo III (717-741) Extreme ascetism St. Basil of Caesarea, patriarch of Constantinople, rules for monastic life, devotion, piety, provided for the needs of the laity

  13. Constantinople and Rome were the centers of Christian authority They did not see eye to eye on all issues including iconoclasm, shaving of beards, jurisdiction of the papacy of Rome, etc. In 1054, the patriarch and the pope excommunicated each other This schism created two churches, Eastern Orthodox and Roman Catholic

  14. Byzantium began to decline by the 11th century The Theme system created problems internally The Crusades damaged Constantinople beyond repair Saljuq Turks invaded from the East The Influence of Byzantium in Eastern Europe

  15. 1071, defeat at the Battle of Manzikert allowed Saljuqs to take over Anatolia Constantinople captured by Ottoman Turks in 1453

  16. Slavic people (Bulgars, Serbs, Croats) moved into Byzantine empire St. Cyril and St. Methodius: Cyrillic alphabet, conversions to Orthodox Christianity

  17. Another Slavic group (Russians) organize states with trade centers like Kiev 989, Prince Vladimir of Kiev converted to Orthodox Christianity Byzantine culture spread to Russians: architecture, Russian Orthodox Church, written law code Moscow= world’s third Rome

  18. Church of the Resurrection on the Spilled Blood, St. Petersburg, Russia ONION DOMES

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