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Chapter 9

Chapter 9. Supporting TCP/IP, DNS using Windows XP. Introduction to tcp / ip. TCP (Transmission Control Protocol / Internet Protocol) is the communication language between 2 computers connected through Internet.

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Chapter 9

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  1. Chapter 9 Supporting TCP/IP, DNS using Windows XP

  2. Introduction to tcp/ip • TCP (Transmission Control Protocol / Internet Protocol) is the communication language between 2 computers connected through Internet. • It is a standard that defines how electronic devices should be connected to the Internet & how the transmission is done between them. • It uses client/server communication & usually point-to-point communication.

  3. Configuring & troubleshooting tcp/ip (terms)

  4. Understanding IP address • Every computer has a unique identifier number called IP Address. Ex: 192.68.20.50 • Computers can not understand decimal format, so it uses binary form. • Ex: 11000000.010001000.00010100.00110010 • The 4 numbers in IP Address are called octets (cause they have 8 positions in binary form). Add all and you get 32, which is why IP address are considered 32 bit numbers.

  5. Converting octet to decimal

  6. IP addresses : networks & hosts • Octets are used to create classes of IP address that can be assigned for particular businesses, government & other entities based on size. • Octet can be split into : Network ID & Host ID • Network ID – contains the first octet & used to identify the network the computer belongs to • Host ID – contains the last octet & identifies the actual computer on the network.

  7. IP addresses : networks & hosts

  8. Subnet mask • Subnet mask is required for TCP/IP to work & used to determine whether a host is in the local subnet or on other remote network. • Subnet mask help to determine which portion of an IP address is the network & host parts of the address. • Network bits are represented by the 1s in the mask & host bits are represented by 0s

  9. Special address

  10. Private address • Every network interface that is directly connected to the Internet must have IP address registered with Internet Assigned Numbers Authority (IANA). • Private address prevents IP address conflicts between addresses. • IANA has set aside 3 address ranges for use by private / non-Internet connected networks. • 10.0.0.0 to 10.255.255.255.255 • 172.16.0.0 to 172.31.255.255 • 192.168.0.0 to 192.168.255.255 • Only public address registered with IANA is visible to the Internet.

  11. Assigning ip address • Static IP addressing • Allows to manually configure IP address if DHCP & APIPA not available. Time consuming & prone to error on larger networks. • Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol (DHCP) • Provides automatic configuration of IP address & other client configurations in a network with 1 / more DHCP servers. Default addressing method in Windows XP Professional & address might change over time. • Automatic Private IP Addressing (APIPA) • Automatically assigns a private IP address when DHCP server is unavailable. Computers using APIPA address can only communicate with other computers using APIPA addresses.

  12. Assigning ip address • Alternate IP Configuration • Allows a single interface to make use of more than 1 IP address as long as only 1 is used at a time. New in Windows XP Professional & allows computers to use one address & if that attempt is not successful then to make another preconfigured attempt.

  13. Automatic private ip addressing (apipa) • APIPA serves as a DHCP server failover mechanism & makes it easier to configure & support small local area network. • The computer selects an IP address from a range of addresses (169.254.0.0 to 169.254.255.255) reserved by the IANA for that purpose. • Once the computer has assigned itself an IP address, it can communicate over TCP/IP with other computers on the LAN. • DHCP messages notifies the user when they are switched between DHCP addressing & APIPA.

  14. Process for the apipa features • Windows XP Professional TCP/IP attempts to find a DHCP server on the attached network to obtain a dynamically assigned IP address. • In the absence of a DHCP server during start up (when server down for maintenance) the client cannot obtain an IP address. • APIPA generates an IP address in the form of 169.254.x.y (where x & y is the client’s randomly generated unique identifier) & a subnet mask of 255.255.0.0

  15. When apipa will be useful • No previous IP address & no DHCP server • Previous IP address & no DHCP server • Lease expires and no DHCP server

  16. Testing TCP/IP connections • Windows XP provides a number of tools for troubleshooting network connectivity problems. • Ping – This tool allows you to check for connectivity between devices on the network • Ipconfig – This tool used to view current TCP/IP configuration information for a computer. • Tracert – this tool helps you to figure out exactly where along the route the breakdown happened. • Pathping – A combination of ping & tracert. Displays information about packet lost between source & destination & used to determine which particular router / subnet might be having network problem.

  17. Domain name system (dns) • Is a naming system that is used in TCP/IP networks to translate computer names to IP addresses. • It is easier as user don’t have to remember 12 digit numbers. Ex: www.yahoo.com, the name is translated into a number by DNS process. • Another key element of DNS are: • DNS servers run by Companies • Internet Service Providers (ISPs) • Ex: www.google.com is translated by DNS to 216.239.51.99, if DNS fails then you will have to type in the 12 digits number in the URL.

  18. Domain name space • Naming scheme that provides the hierarchical structure for the DNS database. Based on the concept of a tree of named domains. • Branch level – more than 1 name is used to identify a collection of named resources. • Leaf level – single name used once at that level to indicate a specific resource. • Root level – represented by single period. • DNS database is indexed by name, so each domain must have a name. the parents domain is added to its child domain(subdomain). • A domain’s name identifies its position in the hierarchy.

  19. Domain name space • The hierarchical structure of the domain namespace consists of: • Root domain • Top-level domain – grouped by organization type / geographical location controlled by IAB. • Second-level domain – registered to individuals / organizations by a number of different domain registry companies. Ex: cosmopoint.com then cas.cosmopoint.com • Host names – refers to specific computer on the Internet / private network. • FQDN – Fully Qualified Domain Name. Ex: computer1.cas.cosmopoint.com

  20. Domain naming guidelines • Limit the number of domain levels. • Use unique names • Use simple names • Avoid lengthy domain names • Use standard DNS characters & unicode characters.

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