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Chapter 3 Female Sexual Anatomy and Physiology. Genital Self-Exam. Purposes of self exams Increases sexual comfort Monitor for changes related to health concerns. The Vulva. External female genitalia Mons veneris Labia majora Labia minora. The Clitoris. Only function is sexual arousal
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Genital Self-Exam • Purposes of self exams • Increases sexual comfort • Monitor for changes related to health concerns
The Vulva • External female genitalia • Mons veneris • Labia majora • Labia minora
The Clitoris • Only function is sexual arousal • Clitoral stimulation most common way women achieve orgasm • Female genital mutilation
The Vulva • Vestibule (inside the labia minora) • Urethral opening • Vaginal introitus (opening) • Hymen • Perineum • Episiotomy
Underlying Structures • Vestibular bulbs • Bartholin’s glands • Pelvic floor muscles • Kegel exercises
Internal Structures: Vagina • 3 layers: mucous, muscle, fibrous • Arousal and vaginal lubrication • Lubrication changes vaginal pH and increases pleasure • Grafenberg (G) spot • Secretions & chemical balance
Internal Structures • Cervix • Uterus • 3 layers and fundus • Fallopian tubes • Fimbriae • Ovaries • Up to 472,000 immature ova at birth • 400 mature in lifetime • Ovulation is the release of ovum
Menstruation • Sloughing off of uterine lining • Myths and negative attitudes • Menarche (initial onset) • Age 11-15 • Dependent on: • Heredity • Health • Altitude
Menstrual Physiology • Flow • lasts from 2 to 6 days • Volume • varies from 6 to 8 ounces • Duration • varies 24 to 42 days • Menstrual synchrony
The Menstrual Cycle • Hypothalamus releases chemicals that stimulate pituitary • Pituitary produces • Follicle Stimulating Hormone • Lutenizing Hormone • Negative feedback mechanism
Three Phases of The Menstrual Cycle • Menstrual • Shedding of endometrium • Proliferative • Thickening of endometrium, follicle maturation & ovulation • Secretory • Corpus luteum development, further thickening of endometrium
Menstrual Cycle Problems • Premenstrual syndrome • Premenstrual Dysphoric Disorder (PMDD) • Dysmenorrhea • painful menses • Amenorrhea • no menses • Self-help for menstrual symptoms • Diet • Exercise • Toxic shock syndrome (TSS)
Menopause Terms • Climacteric • Physiological changes during transition period of fertility to infertility • Perimenopause • Time before menopause • Menopause • Permanent cessation of menstruation
Menopausal Symptoms • Amenorrhea, then menopause • Hot flashes or warm spells • Night sweats, interrupted sleep • Headaches, poor concentration • Depression, anxiety • Symptoms vary from mild to strong
Hormone Therapy • Estrogen • Benefits/Problems • Progesterone • Benefits/Problems • Testosterone • Benefits/Problems • Bioidentical Hormones
Gynecological Health Concerns • Urinary tract infections • Vaginal infections • Pap smear screens for cervical cancer • Hysterectomy or oophorectomy • Most frequently performed U.S. operation • More frequently performed on low income, less educated women • Non-surgical options
The Breast • Secondary sex characteristics • Mammary glands produce milk • Areola is darker area • Nipple is in center of areola & has openings for milk
Breast Health • Breast Lumps • Cysts (fluid-filled sacs) • Fibroadenomas (solid, round, benign tumors) • Malignant tumor • Breast cancer • Treatments • Risk factors • Reconstructive breast surgery • Benefits of early detection & treatment
The Penis • External anatomy of the penis includes: • Foreskin, glans, shaft, root Why is it important to conduct regular genital self-exams, and what should a man look for?
The Penis • Internal anatomy of the penis includes: • Cavernous bodies (corpora cavernosa) • Spongy body (corpus spongiosum) • Penile urethra
The Penis • Corona • Frenulum • Glans
The Scrotum • Sac or pouch with two chambers • Muscle layer (tunica dartos) • Pulls sac closer to body in cold temperatures • Spermatic cord
The Testes • Testes • Secrete male hormones • Produce sperm • Cryptorchidism • Undescended testis • Self-exam is recommended
The Testes • Seminiferous tubules • Site of sperm production • Interstitial cells • Major source of androgens • Epididymis • Sperm maturation
The Vas Deferens • Move sperm from scrotum to ejaculatory duct through prostate • Ejaculatory ducts open into the urethra
Male Sexual Anatomy • Seminal Vesicle • Secretes 70% of seminal fluid • Prostate Gland • Secretes 30% of seminal fluid • Cowper’s Glands • Secretes fluid before ejaculations • May contain active, healthy sperm • Semen (seminal fluid) • Volume is about 1 teaspoon • 200 to 500 million sperm
Erection • Coordinated by autonomic nervous system • Arteries expand • Blood out flow cannot keep up with in flow • Capacity for erection is present at birth • Psychogenic and physiogenic erections
Ejaculation • Spinal reflex triggers two phases • Emission • Fluid in urethral bulb • Expulsion • Semen expelled • Retrograde ejaculation • Nocturnal ejaculation
Concerns about Sexual FunctioningPenis Size • Penis size is seen as a symbol of virility • Erect penises show less variation than flaccid • Size NOT related to sexual satisfaction • Penile augmentation • Genital retraction syndrome
Concerns about Sexual Functioning • Phimosis • Extremely tight foreskin • Circumcision • Hygienic value & risk for STI’s question • Medical risks • AAP: moderate opposition
Male Genital HealthPenis Health-Care Issues • Cleanliness • Smegma • Infections • Reaction to vaginal secretions • Injuries • Penile cancer
Male Genital HealthTesticle Health-Care Issues • Testicular Cancer • More common in young men (20 to 35 years old) • Risk factors • Hard or irregular mass in testes • Survival is greater than 90% if detected early
Male Genital HealthProstate Health-Care Issues • Prostate diseases • Prostatitis • enlarged and inflamed • Benign prostatic hyperplasia • Prostate cancer • PSA test • Treatment options for prostate cancer