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Chapter 5

Chapter 5. Metabolism. Metabolism – all the chemical reactions Catabolism – larger molecules are broken down to smaller molecules. Glucose – CO 2 and water – cellular respiration – energy is released Anabolism – larger molecules are synthesized from smaller molecules.

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Chapter 5

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  1. Chapter 5 Metabolism

  2. Metabolism – all the chemical reactions • Catabolism – larger molecules are broken down to smaller molecules. • Glucose – CO2 and water – cellular respiration – energy is released • Anabolism – larger molecules are synthesized from smaller molecules. • CO2 + water – glucose –photosynthesis • Energy is used • Energy released in catabolic reactions is stored in ATP

  3. ATP – quick source of energy in cells • Energy carrier molecule • Synthesis, movement, transport • ATP ----- ADP + Phosphate + energy • ADP + phosphate + energy ---- ATP

  4. Almost all the chemical reactions – enzymes • Biological catalysts • Speed up chemical reactions • Come out of the reaction unchanged • Absence enzymes – chemical reactions take place slow – cells cannot survive • Specific for its substrate • Substrate – substance with which the enzyme reacts.

  5. Bring molecules together • Weaken bonds in a molecule – breaks down

  6. denaturation Enzymes are saturated No free enzymes to interact With the excess substrate.

  7. Enzyme inhibitors – competitive, noncompetitive • Compete with the substrate for the active site. • Sulfanilamide – synthetic drug – UTI • Para aminobenzoic acid (PABA) ------ folic acid • Enzyme • Drug takes the place of PABA on the enzyme • Inactivates the enzyme

  8. Noncompetitive inhibitor binds to the allosteric site on the enzyme • Allosteric site – site other than the active site • Shape of the active site is changed • Enzyme is inactivated • Cyanide

  9. Cellular respiration • Glucose is catabolized • Oxidation reduction reactions • Loss of electron or hydrogen atom –oxidation • Gain of electron or hydrogen atom – reduction • Leo says ger

  10. Oxidation reduction reactions are coupled They take place simultaneously

  11. Catabolism of glucose – energy (ATP) • Cellular respiration • Aerobic respiration • Anaerobic respiration • Aerobic respiration – O2 is used • 6C6H12O6 +6O2 > 6CO2 + 6H2O + energy • Glucose – oxidized – CO2 • O2 reduced to water • Glycolysis, transition reaction • Krebs cycle, oxidative phosphorylation (electron transport chain)

  12. Glycolysis Sugar splitting Cytosol = liquid Part of the cytoplasm Each molec. Glucose 2 pyruvic acid + 2NADH + 4ATP Cell gains only 2 ATP Substrate level phosphorylation Phosphate is added from a substrate to ADP

  13. Transition reaction Decarboxylated oxidized matrix of mitochondria each molecule of glucose 2 acetyl CoA + 2NADH + 2 CO2 6NADH + 2 FADH2 + 4CO2 + 2 ATP interact with the electron transport chain located on the inner membrane of mitochondria electron transport chain – inner membrane of mitochondria

  14. Power house – cellular respiration DNA 70S ribosomes intermembrane space

  15. oxidized flavin mononucleotide FMN chemiosmosis ubiquinone Q oxidation of ETC cytochrome cyt phosphorylation of ADP

  16. summary NADH – 3ATP 10 NADH – 30 ATP FADH2 – 2 ATP 2 FADH2 – 4 ATP

  17. Anaerobic respiration • Similar to aerobic respiration • Final e- acceptor is an inorganic substance other than O2 • Pseudomonas aeruginosa uses nitrate ion as the final e- acceptor

  18. Fermentation • O2 is not used • Only glycolysis takes place • 2ATP are made • Organic molecule is the final e- acceptor

  19. Lipids, proteins – used for energy • Triglyceride  glycerol + 3 fatty acids • Exoenzyme - lipase • Glycerol – dihydroxyacetone phosphate • Goes into glycolysis • Fatty acid  many units of acetyl CoA • Goes into Krebs cycle • Proteins – amino acids – proteases • AA – intermediates of glycolysis, Krebs cycle

  20. Photosynthesis • Plants and algae – chloroplasts • 6CO2 + 6 H2O  C6H12O6 +6O2 • Light dependent reactions • Light independent reactions ( Calvin-Benson reaction)

  21. Flow of energy sunlight CO2 + water ---------- glucose ATP --- energy Synthesis, transport, movement Sun is the ultimate source of energy

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