M emory

1. Memory

2. Memory • How does memory affect your identity? • If you didn’t have a memory how would your answer the question – How are you today?

3. To Remember Any Event • Encoding – Get information into our brain • Storage – Retain that information • Retrieval – Get it back out

4. Sensory Memory • The immediate very brief recording of sensory information in the memory system • The sensory memories act as buffers for stimuli received through the senses • Information is passed from sensory memory into short-term memory by attention, thereby filtering the stimuli to only those which are of interest at a given time.

5. Short Term Memory • Short-term memory acts as a scratch-pad for temporary recall of the information under process • Short term memory decays rapidly and also has a limited capacity.

7. Chunking • Chunking of information can lead to an increase in the short term memory capacity. • This is the reason why a hyphenated phone number is easier to remember than a single long number. • The successful formation of a chunk is known as closure. • Interference often causes disturbance in short-term memory retention. • This accounts for the desire to complete the tasks held in short term memory as soon as possible.

8. Working Memory • Human beings do all their active thinking and problem solving in working memory. • The quality of the input into working memory and of the operations that go on there determine the quality of learning and problem solving.

9. Three critical phases in the effective use of working memory • 1 - Getting information correctly into this short-term area • 2 - Handling the information appropriately while it is there • 3- Moving information correctly from working memory to long-term storage, and using the information in working memory to generate some kind of output.

10. Long Term Memory • A system for permanently storing, managing, and retrieving information for later use. Items of information stored as long-term memory may be available for a lifetime.

11. 3-Step Processing Model of Memory

13. Encoding • Encoding involves linking new information to existing knowledge in order to make the new information more meaningful. • The quality of this process is related to the degree with which new information can be integrated or assimilated with existing knowledge. • Much encoding involves labeling thoughts with words, but pictorial or other forms may be used as well.

14. Encoding • Automatic • Unconscious encoding of incidental information such as space, time and well-learned information • Effortful • Encoding that requires attention and conscious effort such as in rehearsal

15. Rehearsal • Rehearsal increases our memories by conscious repetition.

16. Spacing Effect • Distributed study time produces better long term recall. • How can this help you?

17. Serial Position Effect • Primacy • From Primary meaning first • Remembering the items at the beginning of the list • Recency • Related to Recent • Remembering the items at the end of the list

18. What We Encode • Visual Encoding • Images • Acoustic Encoding • Sounds • Semantic Encoding • Meanings • Which produces better recognition later?

19. Mnemonic • Memory Aids • First-letter Technique • Substitution Technique • Visual Codes • Peg-words • Mnemonic devises are what type of encoding?

21. Organizing Information for Encoding • Chunking • Organize information into meaningful units. • Hierarchies • Broad concepts divided into subdivided into narrower concepts and facts

22. Storage • Sensory Memory • Iconic Memory • Fleeting photographic memory that lasts no more than a few tenths of second

23. Storage • Sensory Memory • Echoic Memory • If attention is elsewhere, sounds and words can still be recalled within 3 to 4 seconds

24. Storing of Memories • Physical Basis of Memory • Memory Trace • Synaptic Changes • Long-term memory involves physical changes in the brain - most likely some kind of facilitation at the synapse • Study of synaptic meeting places where neurons communication with one another via their neurotransmitter messengers

25. Magic Number Seven • List of Famous Sevens • Seven Wonders of the World • Seven Seas • Seven Deadly Sins • Seven Primary Colors • Seven Musical Sale Notes • Seven Days of a Week

26. Storing of Memories • Long-term Potentiation • Repeated experiences increase the efficiency of certain synapses by “pulling” receptor sites and axon endings closer together, as well as making the receptor neuron more sensitive over the long run. • Provides a neural basis for learning and remembering associations

28. Memory Boosters • Protein • GREB • Neurotransmitter • Glutamate

29. MEMORY AND STRESS • Arousal can cause certain events to burned into the memory – while disturbing memories from other neutral events at the same time • Strong emotions create more reliable memories. • Weaker emotions means weaker memories.

31. Flashbulb Memory • A clear memory of an emotionally significant moment or event? • Do you have a flashbulb memory? • Do you remember • 9/11 ? • When Obama was elected? • When the Phillies won the Pennant? • Outdoor Ed?

32. Amnesia • The loss of memory

33. Retaining Information

34. Explicit Memory • Explicit memories consist of memories from events that have occurred in the external world. • Information stored in explicit memory is about a specific event that happened at a specific time and place. • In forming and storing explicit memories, associations are done with previous related stimuli or experiences. Therefore, explicit memories can be remembered and recalled, and rely on previous experiences and knowledge.

35. Implicit Memory • Implicit memories cannot be looked up or remembered to be used for actions and reasoning. • They consist of memories necessary to perform events and tasks, or to produce a specific type of response. • This type of memory is shown through activation of the sensory and motor systems needed to perform a certain task. • There are two basic types of implicit memory; repetition priming and skill learning.

36. Brain Regions • Hippocampus • Explicit Memories appear to be stored here • Cerebellum • Implicit Memories appear to be stored here

37. Retrieval • Recall • Recognizing • Relearning • Retrieval Cues • Priming