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Cellular Energy

Cellular Energy. The Process that Uses the Sun’s energy to make simple sugars Two Stages Light dependent reactions Light independent reactions (Calvin Cycle). Photosynthesis. Occur in the Chloroplast Where light energy is trapped by the pigment chlorophyl l in the thylakoid membrane

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Cellular Energy

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  1. Cellular Energy

  2. The Process that Uses the Sun’s energy to make simple sugars • Two Stages • Light dependent reactions • Light independent reactions (Calvin Cycle) Photosynthesis

  3. Occur in the Chloroplast • Where light energy is trapped by the pigment chlorophyll in the thylakoid membrane • The light energy excites electrons in chlorophyll which are transferred down an electron transport chain where their energy is harvested. Light Dependent reactions

  4. A series of proteins that are embedded in a membrane (chloroplast in plants, mitochondria in animals) which pass electrons from higher to lower energy states • By doing so generate ATP from ADP • Water is split, oxygen is given off and the hydrogen (H+) are used Electron Transport Chain

  5. Also called the Calvin cycle • Is a series or reactions that use CO2 to form six carbon sugars (such as glucose) • These sugars are then used by a plant to grow or for energy storage • Why does a plant need to store energy Light Independent reactions

  6. Carbon from CO2 is used with energy from the sun to make sugars for the plant to grow and for storage Photosynthesis Review

  7. Cellular respiration is the process by which mitochondria break down food molecules to produce ATP • There are 3 stages • Glycolysis • Citric Acid Cycle (Krebs Cycle) • Electron Transport Chain Cellular Respiration

  8. Is a series of chemical reactions in the CYTOPLASM of a cell that break down glucose (6 carbon sugar) into two 3 carbon molecules • Requires 2 ATP to start the process and makes 4 ATPs, therefore the net gain is 2 ATP • Gives off CO2 in the process • Sends off electrons to the electron transport chain Glycolysis

  9. Simplified, Glycolysis breaks down glucose (a six-carbon molecule) into two 3-carbon molecules (pyruvic acid) and makes net 2 ATP

  10. Uses the 3 carbon molecules (2) from glycolysisin a cycle of chemical reactions to produce 2 ATP and 4 CO2 Also passes more electrons to the electron transport chain from more ATP synthesis Citric acid cycle (krebs cycle)

  11. Found on the membrane of the mitochondria for cellular respiration • Passes high energy electrons along specialized proteins from higher to lower energy states until the electrons are accepted by Oxygen • Why is oxygen important? • Overall produces 32 ATP per glucose molecule The Electron transportchain

  12. Glycolysis • 4 – 2 = 2 ATP • Citric Acid Cycle • 2 ATP • Electron Transport Chain • 32 ATP Overall Energy yield

  13. Is a process that occurs in the presence of oxygen, such as cellular respiration • However, if oxygen isn’t available cells can also make limited ATP via anaerobic respiration • Process that occurs without air Aerobic respiration

  14. A way by which a cell can continue to produce ATP when it is in a anaerobic environment • 2 types • Lactic Acid • Alcoholic Fermentation

  15. Occurs during strenuous exercise and oxygen is not available • Glycolysis still works and the net 2 ATP are still formed • The remaining 3 Carbon molecular byproducts (which normally would go into the citric acid cycle) are converted into lactic acid making 2 more ATP Lactic Acid fermentation

  16. Lactic acid is then sent in the blood to the liver to be converted back into the useable products of the citric acid cycle once oxygen is present again Large build up can become toxic to the body Lactic Acid Fermentation

  17. Primarily used by yeast and bacteria cells to produce CO2 and ethyl alcohol • Net product is 4 ATP per glucose molecule, 2 from glycolysis and 2 from fermentation to alcohol • Ethyl alcohol is the storage molecule until oxygen is present again Alcoholic Fermentation

  18. Aerobic respiration • 36 ATP • Lactic Acid Fermentation • 4 ATP (2 from glycolysis, 2 from fermentation) • Alcoholic Fermentation • 4 ATP (2 from glycolysis, 2 from fermentation) ATP Production Review

  19. Photosynthesis Cellular Respiration • Food Synthesized • Energy from sun stored as glucose • CO2 taken in • Oxygen given off • Requires light • Occurs only in the presence of chlorophyll • Food broken down • Energy of glucose released • CO2 given off • Oxygen taken in • CO2 given off • Does not require light • Occurs in ALL living cells

  20. What is the difference between an Autotroph and a Heterotroph Which ones run photosynthesis Give an example of each type Open Book Quiz

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