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Importance of Water in Body Fluids

Learn about the significance of water in the human body, its role in maintaining fluid balance, electrolyte functions, and pH regulation. Understand the different fluid compartments and the factors that can disrupt fluid balance. Discover the control mechanisms for thirst and the role of electrolytes in conducting electrical currents. Explore acid-base balance and the consequences of acidosis and alkalosis. Gain knowledge about disorders of body fluids such as edema, dehydration, water intoxication, and effusion, along with the use of fluid therapy for treatment.

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Importance of Water in Body Fluids

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  1. Memmler’s The Human Body in Health and Disease11th edition Chapter 21 Body Fluids

  2. The Importance of Water • Body wt. is 50-70% water – in infants 75% (why diarrhea is so crucial) Body fluid maintenance(based on electrolytes – cations + and anions -) • Thirst mechanism maintains volume • Kidney activity regulates volume and composition • Hormones regulate fluid volume and electrolytes • Buffers, respiration, and kidney function regulate pH

  3. Fluid Compartments • Intracellular fluid (ICF) • Two-thirds to three-fourths of all body fluids • Extracellular fluid (ECF) • Interstitial fluid • Blood plasma • Lymph • Fluid in special compartments ** remember : fluids not static; there is a constant exchange

  4. Main fluid compartments showing relative percentage by weight of body fluid. Fluid percentages vary but total about 60% of body weight. Fluids are constantly exchanged among compartments, and each day fluids are lost and replaced.  

  5. Water Balance * The amt of water gained and lost every day are approx. equal • Water gain from • Beverages • Food • Cellular respiration • Water loss from • Kidneys • Skin • Lungs • Intestinal tract

  6. What changes fluid balance? • Burns • Sweating-fever / Diaphoresis • Draining wound • High glucose levels • Dehydration • Hemorrhage • Too much fluid

  7. Sense of Thirst Control center for thirst • Located in hypothalamus • Regulates total fluid volume • Excessive thirst – polydipsia (seen in diabetes)

  8. Electrolytes and Their Functions Conduct electrical current in solution (separate in water) • Positive ions (cations) • Sodium (osmotic pressure, body fluid volume, brain, muscle, kidneys) • Potassium (nerve impulses, kidney, digestion, heart) • Calcium (Vit.D, bone formation, muscle, nerve, heart and clotting) • Magnesium (enzyme reactions, heart) • Negative ions (anions) • Phosphate(bone, acid-base balance, plasma membranes, ATP) • Chloride(HCL, fluid balance, pH, digestion)

  9. Electrolyte Balance • Kidneys do majority of balancing • Hormones involved • Aldosterone (adrenal cortex) • Antidiuretic hormone (ADH) (pituitary) • Parathyroid hormone (parathyroid & thyroid glands) • Calcitonin hormone (thyroid) • Atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP) (from the heart)

  10. Acid–Base Balance • pH scale measures hydrogen ion (H+) concentration • Body fluids have normal pH of 7.35 to 7.45 • Three-tenths of a point shift in either direction is fatal!

  11. Regulation of pH • Buffer systems accept or release ions as needed • Bicarbonate • Phosphate • Proteins • Respiration provides short-term regulation • Kidney function provides long-term regulation (main balancer by excretion)

  12. Abnormal pH • Acidosis • pH less than 7.35 • Causes: depressed nervous system, respiratory obstruction, lung disease preventing CO2 release, kidney failure, diarrhea, starvation, diabetic ketoacidosis • Alkalosis • pH greater than 7.45 • Causes: excited nervous system, hyperventilation, high doses of antacids, vomiting • Origins • Respiratory—change in blood CO2 • Metabolic—change in other acids

  13. Acidosis and Alkalosis Respiratory Metabolic Acidosis pH - < 7.35 PaCO2 – Normal HCO3 - <22 Alkalosis pH - > 7.45 PaCO2 – Normal HCO3 - >26 • Acidosis pH - < 7.35 PaCO2 - > 45 HCO3 - > 26 • Alkalosis pH - > 7.45 PaCO2 - < 35 HCO3 - Normal

  14. Disorders of Body Fluids • Edema – accumulation of excess fluid in intercellular spaces - causes: abnormal fluid return to heart (ex. Pulmonary edema), lack of protein in blood (albumin), kidney failure, increased loss of fluid through capillaries (allergic rxn, infection) • Water intoxication – dilution of body fluids in ICF & ECF • Effusion – escape of fluid into a cavity or space • Ascites – effusion with accumulation of fluid within the abdominal cavity • Dehydration – severe deficit of body fluids

  15. Fluid Therapy Fluids administered intravenously • Normal (.9%) saline • 5% dextrose in .45% saline • 5% dextrose in water • Ringer lactate solution • Serum albumin 25% • Nutritional solutions

  16. IV Fluids • Isotonic – same concentration as cellular fluids (will not cause net gain or loss of water) • Hypertonic – more concentrated than cellular fluid (will draw water out of cells) • Hypotonic – less concentrated than cellular fluids (will take water in)

  17. End of Presentation

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