1 / 56

Motivation, Emotion & Stress : Motivation

Explore common myths and truths about motivation, emotion, and stress. Discover the realities behind hunger, sexual desire, meaningfulness of life, and more.

hneuhaus
Download Presentation

Motivation, Emotion & Stress : Motivation

An Image/Link below is provided (as is) to download presentation Download Policy: Content on the Website is provided to you AS IS for your information and personal use and may not be sold / licensed / shared on other websites without getting consent from its author. Content is provided to you AS IS for your information and personal use only. Download presentation by click this link. While downloading, if for some reason you are not able to download a presentation, the publisher may have deleted the file from their server. During download, if you can't get a presentation, the file might be deleted by the publisher.

E N D

Presentation Transcript

  1. Motivation, Emotion & Stress:Motivation Ap psychology: Unit Ix Designated Unit: Unit II The Biological Bases

  2. Introduction: Fact or Falsehood? • Humans who have had ulcerated/cancerous stomachs removed do not experience hunger • False • Part of knowing when to eat is the memory of our last meal • True • People are less willing to try novel animal-based foods than novel vegetable-based foods • True

  3. Introduction: Fact or Falsehood? • Men’s descriptions of the feelings that accompany sex cannot be distinguished from those of women • True • Normal fluctuations in sex hormones have significant effect on human sexual desire • False • Homosexuality is linked with problems in a child’s relationship with parents • False

  4. Introduction: Fact or Falsehood? • When asked “what is it that makes your life meaningful?” most people mention “meaningful work” before anything else • False • Married people are less at risk for depression, suicide and early death than are unattached people • True

  5. Introduction: Fact or Falsehood? • People report the greatest enjoyment of life when they are quietly relaxing • False • The most satisfied and successful people spend more time correcting their deficiencies than accentuating their strengths • False

  6. Student Responses…

  7. I get up for school in the morning… • Because I have to…(x at least 50…) • Because I need to… • So I don’t get kicked out of school… • Because I like to see my friends & I feel a sense of accomplishment when I do something with my day. I don’t really do anything else, so without school I’m sort of useless… • Because I have to be educated in order to get a good job in the future. And also, my mom will kick me if I don’t… • To get an education. Even if school wasn’t compulsory I would still go because knowledge is a pillar of success. • I wake up for me. I’ve been learning of a new philosophy that is interesting. It talks about how you’re the most important person in your life. Food for thought.

  8. I workout… • To stay healthy and fit… • To be more attractive… • To get that bikini-ready body, spring break people! • To release stress and to feel better about myself… • Because, in all honesty, I would prefer to be able to move when I’m 80 years old… • Because it’s a hobby; without physical challenge, life, to me, would be boring… • I don’t (x at least 30…)

  9. I eat dinner… • Because I’M HUNGRY! • Because I love to eat! I won’t eat if I’m not hungry though…but I’m usually hungry 24/7… • Because I usually want to eat around 6 pm… • Because food tastes good…num num num… • It tastes good, tummy rumblies are annoying and it’s necessary to not pass out and such… • Because my parents make me… • To stay alive and so the hydrochloric acid doesn’t eat away at my stomach… • To not die…

  10. I engage in romantic relationships… • Because I like feeling loved & special... • Because they’re fun & they prepare me for marriage… • Because boys are so hot…OMG… • Because I love girls & they love me… • Because I’m stupid… • Because I think it helps you discover good & bad things about yourself & thus allows you to work on those things… • Because of an emotional/physical connection & also partly because of an inborn natural desire to further my bloodline in a way that society deems acceptable... • To find a spouse; however, I believe that most high school relationships are pointless. If you can’t see yourself marrying the person, why date them? • Ha! Good one! #foreveralone

  11. Or not… • Because it’s unhealthy… • Because I don’t like to be controlled… • Because say it with me now, D-R-A-M-A… • Because truthfully I am too busy to handle that drama & because love can be superficial & it doesn’t often last… • Because in this moment it is a useless, meaningless function, that if anything would be a hindrance…

  12. I am going to college… • To get educated… • To get a job later in life… • To be successful in the future! • Honestly, because of social pressure. I also don’t want to end up working twice as hard for half the money… • To party…and to get an education (I guess…) • To get a piece of paper that will say I’m “better” qualified for a job. That’s not to say that college is pointless. It’s rather beneficial, but the concept of “needing” to earn a degree makes me scowl… • Because my mom will cry if I don’t…

  13. Idon’t engage in illegal activities… • Because they are against the law… • Because I don’t want to ruin my life! • Because it is against my moral code & ethical standards... • Hmm…I don’t want to go to jail because they have gross food there & the people are creepy & scary, plus I don’t want to mess up my life by doing stupid things like drugs… • I’m just a boring person (and that question is assuming that I don’t. Is this a stereotype that all of your AP kids are goody two-shoes?) Also, I’m really cheap and would rather spend my time & money on more important things to me. Oh, and the majority of my friends don’t which is a large deterrent. • Because karma.

  14. Motivation: The Basics Part one

  15. Motivation: The Basics • Motivation • A need or desire that energizes behavior and directs it towards a goal • Influences that account for the initiation, direction, intensity and persistence of behavior • Sources of Motivation • Biological, Emotional, Cognitive & Social Factors

  16. Motivation: The Basics • Extrinsic Motivation • A desire to perform a behavior because of promised rewards or threats of punishment • Example • Studying for a test (to get an A or to avoid an F) • Problem • Behaviors maintained by extrinsic motivation will not be effectively sustained once the reward is removed • Behavior levels may be lower than before the reward was given

  17. Motivation: The Basics • Intrinsic Motivation • A desire to perform a behavior for its own sake because the act itself is rewarding or satisfying in some internal manner • Has an edge over extrinsic motivation in some areas, especially creativity • Tends to result in higher achievement

  18. Motivation: Theories of Motivation Part TWO

  19. Theories: Instinct Theory • A theory of motivation that asserts that human behavior is guided by innate biological instincts • Instinct • A fixed pattern that occurs without learning; rigidly patterned within a species • Examples • Imprinting, salmon spawning, rooting reflex • Basic human instincts?

  20. Theories: Drive Reduction Theory • An approach to motivation that assumes behavior arises from physiological needs that cause internal tensions (drives) to push the organism towards satisfying the need, thus reducing tension & arousal • Primary Drives v. Secondary Drives • Physiological aim of drive reduction is homeostasis

  21. Theories: Arousal Theory • A theory of motivation in which people are said to have an optimal level of tension that they seek to maintain by increasing or decreasing stimulation • Goals • Increase arousal when it’s too low • Decrease arousal when it’s too high

  22. Theories: Arousal Theory (Example) • It’s Friday night & you’re sitting at a restaurant with 3 friends who are all taking the SAT in the morning... • Friend A: “You know, I don’t really care about the test. I’m going to a trade school and I’m only taking the test because my parents want me to. Can I have some of your fries?” • Friend B: “I want to do well, but if I screw up on this test, it’s not going to permanently ruin my life. I’ll give it my best shot. Where’s the ketchup?” • Friend C: “It’s all on the line tomorrow. If I don’t get a good score, it will change my life forever. I’m so nervous, I can’t eat…”

  23. Theories: Yerkes-Dodson Law • The theory that psychological arousal helps performance, but only to a certain point • The optimum level of arousal depends on the difficulty of the task • Each person has an optimum level of stimulation that they prefer to maintain • Friend B would probably perform best on the test • Too much or too little arousal can decrease performance • Friend A has too low a level & Friend C is over stimulated

  24. Theories: Incentive Theory • A theory of motivation in which incentives (either positive or negative stimuli) pull us toward a goal • Behavior is guided by the lure of reward and the threat of punishment

  25. Theories: Maslow’s Hierarchy • Abraham Maslow (1908-1970) • Humanistic psychologist who developed the hierarchy of needs, stating that some needs take priority over others • Begins at the base with physiological needs, and then proceeds through safety needs to psychological needs • Higher-level needs won’t become active until lower-level needs have been satisfied

  26. Motivation: Hunger Part three “Hunger does something to you that’s hard to describe…”

  27. The Biological Bases of Hunger

  28. Motivation: Hunger • Hunger DOES NOT come from our stomach • It comes from our brain • Hypothalamus • Regulates appetite; serves as a weight “thermostat” • Damage to this area can cause weight gain due to lack of restraint in eating

  29. Motivation: Hunger • Ventromedial Hypothalamus (VMH) • Depresses hunger (upon stimulation) • If the VMH is destroyed, one will overeat • Lateral Hypothalamus (LH) • Brings on hunger (upon stimulation) • If the LH is destroyed, one will under eat

  30. Motivation: Hunger The Hypothalamus & Hormones

  31. Motivation: Hunger • Weight Set Point • The point at which an individual’s weight thermostat is supposedly set • Basal Metabolic Rate (BMR) • The rate at which the body burns energy when the organism is resting • When the body falls below the set point, increased hunger and a lower BMR may act to restore the lost weight…

  32. Motivation: Hunger • Implications for Dieting • A “normal” weight person who overeats will experience an increase in metabolism, thus preventing weight gain • A “normal” weight person who under eats will experience a decrease in metabolism, thus preventing weight loss • The body reacts as if it is in starvation mode…

  33. Motivation: Hunger • Set Point Theory explains why so many “successful” dieters regain the weight; they return to set point • Erik Chopin • Set Point? • Still valid? • Settling Point?

  34. The Psychology of Hunger

  35. Motivation: Hunger • External Influences • Sight, sound and smell of food • Memory (of last meal…) • Due to difficulties with retention, amnesia patients eat frequently if given food • Cultural/Environmental Influences • Taste preferences • Biology or culture? • Sweet & salty are genetic & universal • Others? • Conditioned & in many cases adaptive

  36. Motivation: Hunger • Anorexia Nervosa • An eating disorder in which a person becomes significantly underweight (15%) • Self-starvation diets, extreme exercise regimens and delusions • Bulimia Nervosa • An eating disorder characterized by episodes of overeating (high-caloric foods), followed by vomiting, laxative use, fasting or excessive exercise • Characterized by weight fluctuations • Binge-Eating Disorder

  37. Thinnest Fattest Women’s ideal Women’s current body image What women believed men preferred What men actually preferred

  38. Motivation: Hunger • Some statistics (WHO, 2007) • Overweight: 1 billion+ • Clinically Obese: 300 million (BMI of 30+) • Which is more dangerous? • Apple or pear shape? • Why? • Obesity • A disorder characterized by excessive weight • Obesity increases the risk for a number of health issues • Obesity gene? Heritability of obesity?

  39. Motivation: Sex paRT FOUR

  40. Motivation: Sex • Obviously… • Sex is natural • Without sex, none of us would be here • “Sex is nature’s clever way of making people procreate, enabling our species to survive…” • So… • How do researchers study sex?

  41. The Biological Bases of Sex

  42. Motivation: Sex • Alfred Kinsey (1950s) • Researcher/biologist at the University of Indiana • Published Sexual Behavior in the Human Male (1948) and Sexual Behavior in the Human Female • Held confidential interviews with 18,000 people in the early 1950s • Pioneer in terms of sex research • The Kinsey Scale (1-6)

  43. Motivation: Sex

  44. Motivation: Sex • William Masters & Virginia Johnson (1960s) • Set out to explore the physiology of sex • 382 females and 312 males • After their research was complete they ran an institute that claimed to “turn” gay people straight • Described the sexual response cycle • Excitement • Plateau • Orgasm • Resolution

More Related