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Chapter 6

Chapter 6 . Bones and joints. skeleton. Bones Joints Connective tissue. Functions of bones. Several functions To serve as a firm framework for the body To protect delicate structures such as the brain and spinal cord To work as levers to produce movement To store calcium salts

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Chapter 6

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  1. Chapter 6 Bones and joints

  2. skeleton • Bones • Joints • Connective tissue

  3. Functions of bones Several functions • To serve as a firm framework for the body • To protect delicate structures such as the brain and spinal cord • To work as levers to produce movement • To store calcium salts • To produce blood cells

  4. Bone structure Types of bone (osseous) tissue • Compact bone • Haversion systems (osteons) • Spongy (cancellous) bone • Bone marrow • Red marrow • Yellow marrow • Bone membranes • Periosteum • Endosteum

  5. Bone growth Types of bone cells • Osteoblasts manufacture the matrix • Osteocytes maintain and repair existing bone matrix • Osteoclasts resorb bone tissue • Ossification is conversion of cartilage to bone

  6. Formation of long bone • Cartilage begins to turn into bone • Epiphyseal plates develop across bone ends • Bones continue to lengthen • Bones stop lengthening • Bone resorption and formation continues

  7. Bone markings Distinguishing features • Projections – usually for muscle or ligament attachment • Head • Process • Condyle • Crest • Spine • Depressions or holes- to allow for articulations and innervation • Foramen • Sinus • Fossa • Meatus • Page 93 gives good descriptions, we will explore more in lab

  8. Bones of the axial skeleton Two main groups of bones • Axial skeleton—80 bones of the head and trunk • Appendicular skeleton—126 bones of the extremities

  9. skull • Cranial bones- occipital, parietal, temporal, frontal • Facial bones- zygomatic, mandible, maxilla, sphenoid

  10. Infant skull • Infant skull- bones are not fused to allow passage through birth canal, fontanel= soft spot

  11. Axial skeleton • Vertebral column • Cervical vertebrae • Thoracic vertebrae • Lumbar vertebrae • Sacral vertebrae (sacrum) • Coccygeal vertebrae (coccyx)

  12. Atlas and axis

  13. Thorax • Sternum • Ribs • True ribs • False ribs • Manubrium • Clavicular notch • Sternal angle • Xiphoid process

  14. Appendicular skeleton Two divisions • Upper • Lower

  15. Pectoral girdle • The shoulder • Clavicle (collarbone) • Scapula (shoulder blade) • Supraspinous fossa and infraspinous fossa • Acromion • Glenoid cavity • Coracoid process

  16. The upper extremity • Humerus (arm bone) • Medial and lateral epicondyles • Trochlea

  17. Radius and ulna • Ulna and radius (forearm bones) • Distal projection (styloid process) • Olecranon • Trochlear notch (semilunar notch) • Radius (forearm bone)

  18. Forearm movement

  19. Elbow joint

  20. hands • Carpal bones (wrist) • Metacarpal bones (palm) • Phalanges (finger bones)

  21. Pelvic girdle • The pelvic bones (ossacoxae) • Ilium • Iliac crest • Anterior superior iliac spine • Ischium • Ischial spine • Ischial tuberosity • Pubis • Pubic symphysis • Features of pelvis • Acetabulum • Obturator foramen

  22. Male vs female pelvis • Female pelvis is: • More lighter in weight • More flared ilia • Pubic arch is wider • Pelvic opening is wider • Pubic outlet is larger • Sacrum and coccyx are shorter and less curved

  23. Legs The lower extremity • Femur (thigh) • Greater trochanter • Lesser trochanter • Linea aspera • Patella

  24. legs • Tibia (shin bone) • Medial malleolus • Fibula (leg bone) • Lateral malleolus • Tarsal bones (ankle) • Calcaneus (heel bone) • Metatarsal bones (instep) • Phalanges (toe bones)

  25. feet • Tarsal bones (ankle) • Calcaneus (heel bone) • Metatarsal bones (instep) • Phalanges (toe bones)

  26. The aging skeleton Bones undergo significant changes • Loss of calcium salts • Decrease in protein • Reduction in collagen • Loss of height • Decrease in chest diameter

  27. Joints Classified by material between adjoining bones and by degree of movement permitted • Fibrous • Synarthrosis (immovable) • Bones in our skull • Cartilaginous • Amphiarthrosis (slightly movable) • wrist • Synovial • Diarthrosis (freely movable) • elbow

  28. Synovial joints • Bones are joined by other structures in synovial joints • Structures that support and protect synovial joints • Ligaments • Joint capsule • Hyaline (articular) cartilage • Medial meniscus and lateral meniscus • Fat • Bursae

  29. knee

  30. Types of synovial joints Classified by types of movement they allow • Gliding • Hinge • Pivot • Condyloid • Saddle • Ball-and-socket

  31. movements Movements characteristic of forearm and ankle • Supination- palm up • Pronation- palm down • Inversion- palm toward body • Eversion- palm away from body • Dorsiflexion- toe up • Plantar flexion- pointed toe • Flexion- bending • Extension- straightening • Abduction- moving away • Adduction- coming toward • Circumduction- moving in a circle • Rotation- twisting

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