Understanding Crime and Deviance: Criminological Theories

1. Explanations of Crime and Deviance Starter Question: Discuss In your opinion…Why might someone commit a crime?

2. Criminology Unit 2 Criminological Theories

3. Make sure you keep your Unit 1 notes! • The exam in May is synoptic • This means that you can be asked questions on material covered in Unit 1 Changing Awareness of crime as well as what we are doing in Unit 2 Theories of Crime. • We are now working towards an exam – there will be no notes available in the exam so revision as we go along is essential!

4. Skills Tracker - Term 3  Before we start the next Unit • Complete Term 3 of your skills tracker.  Write at least 3 sentences. 1. Reflect on whether you were satisfied or not with what you produced for Task 1 and 2, was it the result you were expecting and how you feel task 2 went? 2. What went well during the controlled assessment - had you prepared thoroughly? Did you manage to complete all tasks? Were you able to draw on plenty of examples? Were you happy with the designs you produced?  3. What will you improve for the next controlled assessment in year 2 e.g. Timing, keeping closer to the assessment criteria tick sheet, keeping class notes in order, ensuring that ISP tasks are completed on time.  OR if you are year 14, what changes do you need to make before the exam in May. 

5. REACH week • Over the next couple of weeks I will have one to one conversations with all of you.

6. Unit2 Theories of Crime – what we will study Learning Outcome 1 Understand social constructions of criminality AC1.1 Compare criminal behaviour and deviance AC1.2 Explain the social construction of criminality Learning Outcome 2 Know theories of criminality AC2.1 Describe biological theories of criminality AC2.2 Describe individualistic (psychological) theories of criminality AC2.3 Describe sociological theories of criminality Learning Outcome 3 Understand causes of criminality AC3.1 Analyse situations of criminality AC3.2 Evaluate the effectiveness of criminological theories to explain causes of criminality Learning Outcome 4 Understand causes of policy change AC4.1 Assess the use of criminological theory in informing policy development AC4.2 Explain how social changes affect policy development AC4.3 Discuss how campaigns affect policy making

7. Assessment Unit2 Criminological Theories • 90 minute exam • 75 marks = 1.2 minutes per mark! • Short and extended questions • Based on stimulus material and applied contexts • 20th May 2019 • One resit available the following year (highest grade used) • Graded A-E

8. Learning Outcome 1 Understand social constructions of criminality AC1.1 Compare criminal behaviour and deviance

9. Learning Objectives • All students will know definitions of crime and deviance ​ • Most students will understand the different types of crime and sanctions against crime and deviance • Some students will be able to explain how crime and deviance differ

10. Starter task • On your capture sheet complete the “ How criminal are you?” activity  • Extension - Which of these are in fact crimes?

11. Now write your own definition of crime on the capture sheet

12. Legal definition of crime • Behaviour or an activity in violation of the legal code. • Paul Tappan (1960) has defined crime as "an intentional act or omission in violation of criminal law committed without defence or justification and sanctioned by the state for punishment as a felony or a misdemeanour​ • Actus reus – A guilty act (the act of committing a crime). • Mens Rea - an element of criminal responsibility, a guilty mind; a guilty or wrongful purpose; a criminal intent. Guilty knowledge and wilfulness. • (http://www.preservearticles.com) E.G. An individual has an argument with a neighbour and stabs them through their heart. A fast food restaurant is closed down as rat droppings are found in the kitchen

13. Social definition of crime: • Behaviour or an activity that offends the social code of a particular community. • Mower (1959) has defined it as "an anti-social act". • Caldwell (1956:) has explained it as "an act or a failure to act that is considered to be so detrimental to the well-being of a society, as judged by its prevailing standards  • An act that offends society

14. Now add as many crimes as you can to the table Make sure they vary in seriousness  Consider: • fatal and non-fatal offences, • offences against the person,  • property offences, • sexual offences,  • road traffic offences, • public order offences,  • drugs offences

15. Now in pairs, select 4 offences, one from each column • Use your phone or the laptops/ipads to find out the punishments for each crime • Extension question – do the punishments fit each crime?  

16. Sanctions against Criminals • You each have a handout with examples of sanctions for criminal behaviour. You should find an example of a criminal act for each of the sanctions. Sanction – a penalty for breaking rules or law.

17. Deviance • What is it?  • What can you remember? 

18. Deviance • To move away from a set of standards in society • Breaking norms • A more general category than crime, deviance is wider • Behaviour that, while being different is often not controlled legally • An act can be criminal and deviant • An act can be deviant but not criminal • An act can be criminal but not deviant  • Not all deviance is negative 

19. Criminal, Deviant or Both? Let’s discuss this…

20. Norms, Moral Codes and Values • Unwritten rules in a society. • Norms- are expectations of how to behaviour. These differ from culture to culture. UK norms include queuing, wearing dark colours at a funeral and giving up a seat for an elderly person on a bus. • Moral codes – Hurting someone or murder would break moral codes (also illegal) • Values – Beliefs shared by people in a society. Could include the value that we should help others.

21. Different forms of deviance  • Societal deviance this is an act which most of society would agree is not classed as part of normal behaviour. • Concealed deviance is that which no one sees, something which a person can keep hidden away it is still considered not part of society’s set of norms • Collective or public deviance, this is deviance shared by a group of people which does not conform to that which is considered social norms, however follow a set of norms they have created within their own subculture.  • Crime is also considered deviance 

22. Now look at the table on your capture sheet • Which are deviant?  • Can you think of any other examples of deviant acts? • Deviance can also depend on whether deviance is normative (everyone shares the same values) or relativistic (there are not shared values)

23. What punishments are there for deviance? • How do we treat people who deviate from society's expectations? 

24. Sanctions for deviance  • •Formal sanctions • A sanction that is officially recognized by an authority and enforced. • E.g. Prison, fines if the deviance is criminal   • Informal sanctions  • A sanction that is not enforced or punished by an authority but that occurs in everyday interactions with other people. • E.g. ridicule or ostracism, sarcasm, criticism, and disapproval, stigmatisation.

25. Now create a venn diagram  • Add acts which are: • Only deviant • Only criminal • Both deviant and criminal

26. Exam link - now try this question on your own: With reference to two examples, explain how deviance differs from crime. 6 marks About 7 minutes to write  We will share answers and peer mark

27. Mark scheme: • 0 marks - nothing worthy of any marks  • 1-3 marks - answers give a basic description of two examples with limited explanation of how deviance differs from crime. OR a detailed explanation without any examples.  Answers convey meaning but lack detail. Little or no use of specialist vocabulary. • 4-6 marks - answers show detailed knowledge and understanding of two examples with clear explanations of how deviance differs from crime.  Answers clearly communicate meaning with use of some specialist vocabulary. 

28. Answers could include • Examples could include naked sunbathing, smoking, cross dressing and actual criminal offences • Criminal behaviour is defined by legal definitions and includes formal sanctions • Deviance is behaviour which offends against norms, values and moral codes • May explain formal and informal sanctions against deviance • May compare and contrast a variety of criminal acts • Differentiation between offending and anti-social acts

29. With reference to two examples, explain how deviance differs from crime.  6 marks • Deviance is any behaviour that goes against the moral codes and norms of a particular society. Deviant behaviouris not always a criminal act and so does not necessarily break the law.This differs from a crime which is an illegal act and includes offences such as fraud, theft and murder. Whereas there are not necessarily formal sanctions for engaging in deviant behaviour, there are always formal sanctions against committing a crime, these can include custodial sentences where an individual is sent to prison or a caution which is often the punishment for minor crimes. An example of a deviant act that is not illegal would be wearing summer clothes when it was snowing. This behaviour may be seen as strange and may result in informal sanctions such as name calling but it would not result in a formal sanction.Unlike a deviant act, a crime is always illegal. It is punishable using formal sanctions. An example of a criminal act that is not seen as deviant would be illegally downloading films and music from the internet.

30. Learning Objectives • All students will know definitions of crime and deviance • Most students will understand the different types of crime and sanctions against crime and deviance • Some students will be able to explain how crime and deviance differ

31. Next lesson • AC1.2 Explain the social construction of criminality  • ISP will be set next lesson