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DOMESTIC VIOLENCE : THE MEASURED AND THE TO BE MEASURED

DOMESTIC VIOLENCE : THE MEASURED AND THE TO BE MEASURED. Sunita Kishor (Ph.D.) Demographic and Health Research Macro International, Inc. Maryland, USA. Overview. What we know ….and the data with which we know it (DHS examples) Lessons learned ….and the questions raised

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DOMESTIC VIOLENCE : THE MEASURED AND THE TO BE MEASURED

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  1. DOMESTIC VIOLENCE:THE MEASUREDANDTHE TO BE MEASURED Sunita Kishor (Ph.D.) Demographic and Health Research Macro International, Inc. Maryland, USA

  2. Overview • What we know ….and the data with which we know it (DHS examples) • Lessons learned ….and the questions raised • What we do not know

  3. What is the DHS? • Nationally-representative household surveys with large samples (typically 6000 +; India-100,000+) • Usually done every 5-7 years • Provide indicators for monitoring at the national and sometimes, sub-national level • Comparable across countries and over time • Includes information in selected countries on domestic violence (27) and violence against men Violence measurement in the DHS yields information on: prevalence, risk factors, and consequences of violence.

  4. Measurement Challenges • Defining ‘what’ violence to measure • Ensuring validity of the measures: the ‘how’ • Ensuring safety and ethical standards • Determining what else to measure other than prevalence

  5. History of violence measurement in the DHS • Earliest efforts: • Country-specific questions (Colombia 1990 & 1995) • Questions developed and implemented as part of topic-specific studies • 1993 Philippines Safe Motherhood Study • 1995/96 Uganda Negotiating Reproductive Outcomes Study. • 1995 Egypt DHS as part of the women’s status module • Special efforts were made in the 1998 Nicaragua DHS • develop questions that increased the validity of the DV measure • The current module • incorporates lessons from the Egypt and Nicaragua exercises • accompanied by guidelines adapted from WHO guidelines on its ethical implementation

  6. Validity of Data • No catch-all term to capture violence Recommendation: Ask about different types of violent acts separately, specifically, as in the Conflict Tactics Scale (CTS) • Risk of underreporting of violence Recommendations: Build rapport, ensure privacy, provide multiple opportunities to reveal abuse

  7. Forms of Spousal Violence: Definitions • Physical violenceAny of the following acts of violence perpetrated by her husband: • Pushed her, shook her, or threw something at her • Slapped her • Twisted her arm or pulled her hair • Punched her • Kicked her, dragged her, or beat her up • Tried to choke her or burn her on purpose • Threatened her or attacked her with a weapon

  8. Forms of Spousal Violence: Definitions • Sexual violence:Any of the following: • Forced her to have sexual intercourse when she did not want to • Forced her to perform sexual acts she did not want to • Emotional violence: Any of the following: • Said or did something to humiliate her in front of others • Threatened to hurt or harm her or someone close to her • Insulted her to made her feel bad about herself

  9. Violence by Others • Physical violence by others • From the time you were 15 years old has anyone (other than your current/last husband) hit, slapped, kicked, or done anything to hurt you physically? (Who?) • Can include ex-husbands • Violence during pregnancy also uses similar question (Who?) • Can include current husbands • Sexual violence at any time in life • At any time in your life, as a child or as an adult, has anyone ever forced you in any way to have sexual intercourse or perform any other sexual acts? (Who and Age at first occurrence determined) • Can include current husbands

  10. Other Issues Examined • Timing of initiation of spousal violence • Injuries related to spousal violence • Wives initiating spousal violence • Data on known or potential correlates • Help seeking by abused women

  11. Africa Cameroon 2004 DRC 2007* Egypt 1995 & 2005 Kenya 2003 Liberia 2006/07* Malawi 2004 Mali 2006* Namibia 2006* Rwanda 2005 South Africa 1998 Uganda 2006 Zambia 2001/02 Zimbabwe 2005/06* Asia/South Asia Bangladesh 2004 Cambodia 2000 & 2005 India 1998/99 & 2005/06 Latin America/Caribbean Bolivia 2003 Colombia 1990, 1995, 2000, 2005 Dominican Republic 2002 & 2007* Haiti 2000 & 2005 Honduras 2005 Nicaragua1997/98 Peru 2000 & 2004 Eurasia Azerbaijan 2006* Moldova 2005 Turkmenistan 2001* Ukraine 2007* DHS domestic violence data in 27 countries * Data not yet available.

  12. Spousal Violence: India 2005-06 Percent of ever-married women age 15-49 Only 1% of married women have ever initiated violence against their husbands.

  13. 87% of spousal violence initiated within 5 years of marriage 87% of spousal violence initiated within 5 years of marriage At what marital duration does spousal violence first occur? Percent 87% of spousal violence initiated within 5 years of marriage India 2005-06

  14. Education and Spousal Violence: India 2005-06 Percent of ever-married women

  15. What other factors are strongly associated with the likelihood of spousal violence? Percent of ever-married women India 2005-06

  16. What other factors are strongly associated with the likelihood of spousal violence? Percent of ever-married women India 2005-06

  17. Injuries Due to Spousal Violence Percent of women who have experienced spousal violence who had: India 2005-06

  18. What we do know… • Spousal violence varies from about 14% in Cambodia to 59% in Uganda • Typically, half or more of the women who have ever experienced spousal violence have experienced it in the past 12 months • Spousal sexual violence experienced by 5-20% • Physical violence most common form of violence • Violence begins early in marriage • Violence results in injuries • Violence varies by education and wealth and has intergenerational effects • However, not explained by alcohol or parental effects • Further analysis of the data show that there are strong links to health outcomes for mothers and their children

  19. Questions Arising from Lessons Learned • How do we measure trends? • Men, the CTS, and measurement of violence against women • Should we be moving from measuring prevalence to measuring incidence?

  20. Prevalence of Spousal Violence: Uganda 2006 Percent age 15-49

  21. Consequences and Help Seeking: Uganda 2006 Percent of ever-married women/men who have experienced violence: who report injuries who sought help

  22. Men, the CTS, and measures of VAW Question raised: Are the instruments not able to distinguish the ‘syndrome’ of violence against women from ‘common couple violence? • Answering this question is a challenge and in turn raises the following questions about measuring and defining violence: • Is it important who initiates the violence? • Should factors such as ‘helplessness’ and ‘fear’ be considered? • Should the ‘violent acts’ be made more specific? • Should frequency be taken into account? • Should the definition of violence be any act from the list or a clustering of acts?

  23. For M &E: Prevalence or Incidence?

  24. For Specific Questions: sunita.kishor@macrointernational.com Photo credits: Photos courtesy of M/MC Photoshare at jhuccp.org/mmc

  25. measuredhs.com

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