Ancient Manuscripts

1. Ancient Manuscripts How We Got Our Bible

2. Original Manuscript Copy Copy Copy Copy Copy Copy Copy Copy Copy Copy Copy Copy Copy Copy Copy Copy Copy

3. The Masorites • Their name: Masorah (“tradition”). • Jewish community of Tiberius.

4. The Masorites • Their name: Masorah (“tradition”). • Jewish community of Tiberius. • Vowel points ( ) versus ( ) ~yhil{a/ hw"hy> ~yhla hwhy

5. The Masorites • Their name: Masorah (“tradition”). • Jewish community of Tiberius. • Vowel points. • Careful rules regarding the copying of the Scriptures

6. Description Dates Textual Family Proto Alexandrian Siniaticus, Vaticanus 2nd – 4th Century Alexandrian Ephraemi Rescriptus 3rd – 12th Century Western Latin 3rd – 13th Century Byzantine Textus Receptus, KJV 5th – 10th Century

7. Codex Alexandrinus • Written 450 A.D. • Septuagint & New Testament • Kept in Alexandria • Patriarch of Constantinople presented to England in 1627.

8. Codex Vaticanus Codex B • Septuagint and New Testament. • Dated to 350 A.D. • Missing 71 pages. • Napoleon took the Vatican Library to Paris in 1809. • Codex returned to Vatican in 1815.

9. Codex Vaticanus Codex B • Samuel Tregelles permitted to examine it in 1843. • The entire manuscript was photographed and published in 1890.

10. Ephraemi Rescriptus • Greek translations of sermons of Father Ephraem the Syrian (306-373). • A Palimpsest: “Scraped again.” These sermons copied in 12th century.

11. Ephraemi Rescriptus • Protestant pastor Pierre Allix discovered the writing underneath the palimpsest in late 1600’s. • Dated to early 5th Century. • Contains some of the Septuagint, but most surviving pages are from the New Testament. • Contains the long ending of Mark.

12. Ephraemi Rescriptus

13. Codex Sinaiticus • Count Konstantin von Tischendorf visited St Katherine’s Monastery in 1844.

14. Codex Sinaiticus • Count Konstantin von Tischendorf visited St Katherine’s Monastery in 1844. • 129 pages initially discovered. • Written around 350 A.D.

15. Codex Sinaiticus • Count Konstantin von Tischendorf visited St Katherine’s Monastery in 1844. • 129 pages initially discovered. • Written around 350 A.D. • Tischendorf permitted to take 43 pages. • The manuscript was eventually given to Czar Nicholas of Russia.

16. Codex Sinaiticus • The U.S.S.R. sold the codex to the British Museum in 1933 for 100,000 pounds. • A forgotten room was discovered in 1975 containing more ancient manuscript fragments. • Another page was found in 2009.

17. Oxyrhynchos Papyri • Grenfell & Hunt were doing an excavation south of the Faiyum Oasis in Egypt.

18. Oxyrhynchos Papyri • Grenfell & Hunt were doing an excavation south of the Faiyum Oasis in Egypt. • Stuffed crocodiles. • Portions of New Testament.

19. Chester Beatty Papyri • Purchased from an antiquities dealer by American millionaire Chester Beatty.

20. Chester Beatty Papyri • Epistles of Paul dated to 2nd Century. • Now at University of Pennsylvania. • Purchased from an antiquities dealer by American millionaire Chester Beatty.

21. Chester Beatty Papyri • Purchased from an antiquities dealer by American millionaire Chester Beatty. • Epistles of Paul dated to 2nd Century.

22. Dead Sea Scrolls Palestine 1947

23. Qumran

26. ISAIAH SCROLL

27. Scroll of Righteousness

28. Jerusalem Qumran    Bethlehem Kando

29. Mar Samuel Eleazar Sukenik 4 Scrolls 3 Scrolls Jerusalem Qumran    Bethlehem Kando

30. Mar Samuel Eleazar Sukenik 4 Scrolls 3 Scrolls Jerusalem Qumran    Bethlehem Kando

31. Eleazar Sukenik 3 Scrolls Hebrew University of Jerusalem • Incomplete manuscript of Isaiah reflecting old Hebrew • Thanksgiving Hymns • War Scroll

32. Mar Samuel 4 Scrolls Metropolitan of the Syrian Orthodox Church in Jerusalem • Isaiah Scroll reflecting editorial changes • Community Rule • Pesher Habakkuk • Genesis Apocryphon

33. Mar Samuel 4 Scrolls • Moved to the United States • Put the scrolls up for sale in a newspaper advertisement

34. Mar Samuel 4 Scrolls

35. Mar Samuel 4 Scrolls • Son of Eleazar Sukenik • General in Israeli army • Purchased through an intermediary the four scrolls for the Hebrew University of Jerusalem Yigal Yadin

37. Dead Sea Scrolls • Languages Represented • Mostly Hebrew text • Few Aramaic • Even fewer Greek

38. Dead Sea Scrolls • Languages Represented • Writing Materials • Mostly Parchment • Few Papyri • One Copper Scroll

39. Dead Sea Scrolls • Languages Represented • Writing Materials • Subject Matter • Biblical texts (Old Testament) • Jewish books • Books used of a unique Jewish sect