Instrument Flight Rules (IFR) Planning for FS XXI

1. Instrument Flight Rules (IFR) Planning for FS XXI E Co. 1-212 Aviation Regiment Lowe Army Airfield Crusaders

2. Purpose To provide the student pilot with an informative briefing regarding the methods, techniques, and procedures utilized in planning instrument flights.

3. Administrative Considerations • Safety Requirements:None. • Risk Assessment Level:Low. • Environmental Considerations:None. • Evaluation: Check on learning questions as required.

4. IFR Flight Planning Topics • Weather Briefing • Notices to Airmen (NOTAM) • Location Identifiers • Departure Procedures • En Route Procedures • Arrival Procedures • Flight Plan Preparation • Flight Plan Activation

5. References • AR 95-1, Flight Regulations • FM 1-230, Meteorology for Army Aviators • FM 3-04.240, Instrument Flight for Army Aviators • FAA Joint Order 7350.8H, Location Identifiers • FAA Order 7110.65, Air Traffic Control • FAA Instrument Flying Handbook • FAA Instrument Procedures Handbook • FAA Aeronautical Information Manual (AIM) • Department of Defense (DoD) Flight Information Publications (FLIP) • Visual Flight Rules (VFR) Sectional • Enroute Low Altitude (ELA) Chart • Instrument Approach Procedures • IFR Supplement • Flight Information Handbook (FIH) • General Planning (GP) • Area Planning (AP) • Airport Facility Directory (AFD) • TM 1-1520-237-10 Operator’s Manual UH-60A/L/EH-60A Helicopter

6. Requirement to Operate IFR (1) All Army aircraft that are instrumented for IFR flight and are flown by an instrument rated pilot will operate on IFR flight plans except when – (a) Flight is primarily for VFR training. (b) Time will not permit mission completion under IFR. (c) Mission can only be accomplished under VFR. (d) Excessive air traffic control (ATC) departure, en route, or terminal area delays are encountered. (e) Hazardous weather conditions must be avoided. (f) Aircraft is being flown single pilot. AR 95-1, Para 5-2 d (1), page 32

7. Task 1006 Task, Condition, Standards TASK 1006 Plan an instrument flight rules flight CONDITIONS: Before instrument flight rules flight in an H-60 helicopter, given access to weather information, notices to airmen (NOTAMs), flight planning aids, necessary charts, forms, and publications. STANDARDS: Appropriate common standards plus the following additions/modifications: 1. Determine whether the aircrew and aircraft are capable of completing the assigned mission. 2. Determine whether the flight can be performed under instrument flight rules (IFR) per AR 95-1 and applicable Federal Aviation Regulations (FARs)/host-nation regulations, local regulations, and standard operating procedures (SOPs). 3. Determine the departure, en route, and destination procedures. 4. Select route(s) and altitudes that avoid hazardous weather conditions, do not exceed aircraft or equipment limitations, and conform to IFR cruising altitudes per Department of Defense flight information publication (DOD FLIP). 5. If off airway, determine the course(s) ± 5 degrees. 6. Select an approach that is compatible with the weather, approach facilities, and aircraft equipment; determine if an alternate airfield is required. 7. Determine distance ±1 nautical mile, true airspeed ±5 knots, ground speed ±5 knots, and estimated time en route (ETE) ±1 minutes for each leg of the flight. 8. Determine the fuel required per AR 95-1 and FM 3-04.240, ±100 pounds. 9. Complete and file the flight plan per AR 95-1 and the DOD FLIP. 10. Perform mission risk assessment per unit SOP. Excerpt of Task 1006 as published in TC 1-237

8. Weather Planning

9. Weather information for the DD Form 175-1 will be obtained from a military weather facility. Weather Planning (7) Weather briefing. Local commanders will establish policies specifying when DD Form 175-1 (Flight Weather Briefing) is required to be filed with DD Form 175 (Military Flight Plan) and the minimum entries required on parts I through V of locally briefed DD 175-1 forms. Weather information will be obtained from a U.S. Military weather facility. If U.S. Military weather service support is not available, consult DOD/US Government FLIP for guidance. Request for exceptions should be submitted through command channels to the commander USAASA. For all IFR flights and/or cross country flights, the weather forecast will be void 1 hour and 30 minutes from the time the forecast is received provided the aircraft has not departed. Weather forecast may be extended after coordination with a weather facility. The crew should update weather briefing information on stopover flights. AR 95-1, Para 5-2 (7), page 32 • If a military forecaster is not available, the PC will • consult DoD/US Government FLIP for guidance to • obtain the weather forecast. • The crew should update weather briefing information • on stopover flights.

10. Weather Planning(Continued) C-2 METEOROLOGICAL INFORMATION 1. TELEPHONE WEATHER/NOTAM BRIEFINGS (AFFSA/AFFSA) a. Military pilots departing a location where military weather and NOTAM services are not available will obtain required information as follows: (1) Contact the Operational Weather Squadron (OWS) responsible for your area. OWSs are located worldwide to be the primary 24-hour weather-briefing source. Local base/post weather flights may assist transient aircrews if and when higher priority taskings and local mission support allow. Contact information is listed on the following pages; or (2) Obtain information from published Command-approved weather sources. (3) Obtain information from the US National Weather Service (http:// aviationweather.gov/) (4) Obtain information from an NWS/FAA-approved source IAW FAAO 8900.1 (http:// fsims.faa.gov). (5) Obtain information from accredited local agencies. (6) Real time NOTAM updates are available at https://notams.jcs.mil. b. When talking to a military forecaster, please provide the following information at least 2 hours prior to desired brief time: (1) Name of person calling. (2) Aircraft type and call sign. (3) VFR or IFR and proposed altitude. (4) ETD for departure point and ETA for destination and alternates. (5) Route. (6) Enroute stops, if applicable (in order, with ETAs) FIH, Appendix C-2

11. Weather Planning(Continued) CONUS Air Force Operational Weather Squadrons (OWS) Areas of Responsibility (AOR), FIH, Appendix C-3

12. Weather Planning(Continued) Marine Corps/Navy Areas of Responsibility (AOR) FIH, Appendix C-3 26 OWS AOR Contact Numbers FIH, Appendix C-7

13. Weather Planning(Continued) Note: For explanation of DD Form 175-1 entries see FM 3-04.240 Appendix C. Sample DD Form 175-1

14. Weather Planning(Continued) 16/1143 030 28015 / +06 040 29022 / +03 17/0042 X 16/1238 17/0838 X 16/2343 27 X 17/0009 X X MGM 035 ALL AREAS 120 TOI 008 033 - 16 024 - 16 X X X X SFC - 060 TOI - MGM TOI - MGM Example of DD Form 175-1 Weather Briefing

15. Weather Planning(Continued) TOI MGM 1650 1750 1510 1610 280/05 260/10 3/4 FG 06 BKN 012 OVC 2987 10 C 280 3 BR 030 SCT 050 BKN 2990 14 C 360 X X 134.1 PHONE: 255-8385 or 255-8397 Request PIREP on 134.1 1310 06 – 22 JC CW3 Jones 1440 Example of DD Form 175-1 Weather Briefing

16. Flight Information Publications (FLIP)

17. DoD Flight Information Publications (FLIP) contain worldwide aeronautical information required in the planning and execution of VFR and IFR flight. DoD FLIP product groups are aligned with the three flight phases (Planning, Enroute, and Terminal). Flight Information Publications (FLIP) Note: Downloaded products should be cross checked against traditional paper FLIP.

18. Flight Information Publications (FLIP) (Continued) Planning Publications General Planning (GP) Area Planning 1B (AP/1B)

19. Flight Information Publications (FLIP) (Continued) Flight Information Handbook (FIH)

20. Flight Information Publications (FLIP) (Continued) Enroute and Terminal Publications IFR Supplement Enroute Low Altitude Chart Instrument Approach Procedures (IAP)

21. Flight Information Publications (FLIP) (Continued) Enroute and Terminal Publications Airport/Facility Directory (A/FD) VFR Supplement Note: The Airport/Facility Directory will replace the VFR supplement at a time TBD.

22. Notices to Airmen (NOTAM)

23. NOTAM information for DoD aircrews is obtained using the Defense Internet NOTAM Service (DINS) @ https://www.notams.jcs.mil/. Notices to Airmen (NOTAM) • Information considered essential to the safety of flight as • well as supplemental data to other aeronautical publications. • NOTAM information may also be obtained @ https://pilotweb.nas.faa.gov/distribution/home.html should the DINS server be out of service. • NOTAMs are separated into four types: • Distant (D) • Flight Data Center (FDC) • Pointer • Military Note: FAANOTAM “D” Standardization briefing has removed all reference to “L” NOTAMS effective 28 January 2008.

24. "D" NOTAM: Information that requires wide dissemination and pertains to en route navigational aids, civil public use landing areas, seaplane bases, and heliports listed in the Airport Facility Directory (AF/D).  FDC NOTAM: NOTAM information that is regulatory in nature and transmitted by the National Flight Data Center (NFDC). FDC NOTAMs contain such information as amendments to published IAPs and other aeronautical charts. They are also used to advertise Temporary Flight Restrictions (TFR) such as natural disasters or large scale public events that may generate congestion of air traffic over a site. Notices to Airmen (NOTAM) (Continued)

25. Pointer NOTAM: Information issued by a flight service station to highlight or point out another NOTAM. Pointer NOTAMs assist users in cross-referencing important information that may not be found under an airport or NAVAID identifier. Notices to Airmen (NOTAM) (Continued) • Military NOTAM: Information pertaining to U.S. Air Force, Army, Marine, and Navy navigational aids/airports that are part the of the NAS.

26. Notices to Airmen (NOTAM) (Continued) NOTAM“D” Standardized Format

27. Notices to Airmen (NOTAM) (Continued) Defense Internet NOTAM Service (DINS) web site

28. Notices to Airmen (NOTAM) (Continued) Note: For IFR flights, use the Flight Path Search engine for NOTAM research to include ARTCC/UIR/FIR NOTAMs. Defense Internet NOTAM System (DINS) web site

29. Notices to Airmen (NOTAM) (Continued) Sample NOTAMS for Tallahassee Regional Airport (KTLH)

30. Notices to Airmen (NOTAM) (Continued) Notices to Airmen Publication (NTAP)

31. NTAP is an integral part of the NOTAM system. NTAP is published every four weeks and contains information to reduce congestion on communications circuits. Once published electronically, that information contained is not provided during pilot briefings unless specifically requested by the pilot. All information contained will be carried until the information expires, is canceled, or is published in other publications such as the AF/D. NTAP information can be accessed @ http://www.faa.gov/airports_airtraffic/air_traffic/publications/notices/ Notices to Airmen (NOTAM) (Continued)

32. If a proposed flight will terminate at a civil airport, aircrews should obtain/review all Federal Aviation Administration NOTAMs including those contained in the NTAP. Notices to Airmen (NOTAM) (Continued) • Aircrews using DINS will not need to consult FLIP to determine if a location has NOTAM support. DINS will provide a plain language notice, highlighted in red, when a requested location is not in the U.S. NOTAM System.

33. Location Identifiers

34. Location Identifiers • Publication listing the 3-4 letter identifier location of airports, navigation aids, fixes, weather stations, and flight service stations. FAA and Canadian locations are provided in latitude and longitude format (degrees, minutes, seconds). • Location identifier information can be obtained via the website link: http://www.faa.gov/air_traffic/publications/atpubs/LID/LIDHME.htm • To convert the latitude/longitude format from seconds to tenths of seconds, divide the seconds by 6. An example (WIBIN intersection): • N 31° 19 min 34.06 seconds • 34.06 ÷ 60 = .567 (.57 in DGNS format) • N 31° 19.57

35. Departure Procedures

36. Instrument departure procedures are preplanned IFR procedures which provide obstruction clearance from the terminal area to the appropriate en route structure. Departure procedures are categorized by two types: Textual Graphical There are two types of departure procedures: Obstacle Departure Procedures (ODP) Standard Instrument Departure (SID) Departure Procedures • If the airport has at least one instrument approach procedure (IAP), and there are no published IFR departure procedures; then an aircraft departing under IFR can ensure obstacle clearance by executing a diverse departure.

37. Departure Procedures (Continued) Graphic Representation of Airplane Diverse Departure Procedure

38. Departure Procedures (Continued) V168 400 ft Obstacle Identification Slope 35 ft AGL 1 NM Slope of 304 ft per Nautical Mile (20:1) Graphic Representation of Helicopter Diverse Departure Procedure

39. ATC will not specifically clear an aircraft for a diverse departure; the clearance may simply be cleared as filed. In order to fly a diverse departure, fly runway heading until 400 feet above airfield elevation before executing any turns while maintaining a minimum climb gradient of 200 feet per nautical mile until reaching the required IFR altitude. Diverse departure procedures for heliports are based on flying takeoff heading until 400 feet above airfield elevation while maintaining a minimum climb gradient of 400 feet per nautical mile. Departure Procedures (Continued)

40. Departure Procedures (Continued) Example of Lowe AHP (KLOR) Textual Departure Procedure

41. Departure Procedures (Continued) Example of Cairns Army Airfield (KOZR) Graphical Departure Procedure

42. While planning the departure phase of IFR flight, confirm that the aircraft is capable of completing the departure procedure utilizing the operator’s manual climb/descent charts. Departure Procedures (Continued) Climb/Descent Chart (Page 7-151, TM 1-1520-237-10)

43. Departure Procedures (Continued) Rate of Climb/Descent Chart (Instrument Approach Procedures)

44. Route Selection

45. Route Selection • Determine if flight can be completed by means of published routing utilizing en route low altitude charts. Example of Published Routing (V521) as Depicted in En Route Low Altitude (ELA) 21-22

46. Route Selection (Continued) • If flight cannot be completed by means of published routing utilizing en route low altitude charts, create user defined direct routing. • Utilize VFR Sectional to determine direct routing between NAVAIDS. • Determine NAVAID reception along direct routing. • Determine minimum en route altitude requirements utilizing mountainous/non-mountainous altitude requirements. • Determine routes taking into account NAVAID unusable sectors and reception altitude requirements.

47. Route Selection (Continued) Navigation Aid Reception Class Codes (IFR Supplement)

48. Route Selection (Continued) Example of Wiregrass VOR (RRS) Unusable Sectors in IFR Supplement

49. Route Selection (Continued) Mountainous/Non-Mountainous Areas (Figure 5-6-2, Aeronautical Information Manual)

50. Route Selection (Continued) Highest Elevation Along Route Example of Direct Routing in Absence of Victor Airway