Dental Whitening

1. Dental Whitening Jeremy Bojnowski – Robert Martin Lake Shore High School

2. According to Linda Dyett, professional whitening costs around $650. • Did you know that there may be a way to obtain a bright smile with the price of just $10? 2 Bojnowski – Martin

3. Why a Bright Smile? • Avoids being self – conscious • Good impression on others • Attraction 3 Bojnowski – Martin

4. What Causes Dental Discoloration? • Streptococcus mutans (S. mutans). • Acidic waste. 4 Bojnowski – Martin

5. S. mutans • Parasitic organism. • Lives on teeth. • Accelerates enamel decay. • Carbohydrate diet. http:/textbookofbacteriology.net/normalflora.html Bojnowski – Martin 5

6. http://www.webmd.com/oral-health/image-collection-oralhealth#phototake_r m_photo_of_tooth_illustration.jpg The loss of enamel allows tooth coloration to occur 6 Bojnowski – Martin

7. Substitution for Teeth • Teeth are mainly composed of calcium carbonate • Eggshells are mainly composed of calcium carbonate as well • Therefore, eggs work as a substitute Bojnowski – Martin 7

8. Oxidation O e-1 H H O H202 Molecule Neutral tea molecule When an atom loses an electron. The size and visibility of the atom are reduced. 8 Bojnowski – Martin

9. How do People Whiten Their Teeth? • Mouthwash. • Tooth brushing/tooth paste. • Professional dental treatment. 9 Bojnowski – Martin

10. How do the active ingredients in Vibrant White Pre-Brush Mouthwash from Listerine affect the whiteness of eggs over time? 10 Bojnowski – Martin

11. Independent Variables Bojnowski – Martin 11

12. Variables • Solution strength: based off of standard and sensitive mouth treatments • Time: based on whitening tray procedures & professional treatments 12 Bojnowski – Martin

13. Response Variable • Degree of Whiteness. • Shows the change in whiteness after treatment(s). Bojnowski – Martin 13

14. What Will Happen? If the recommended dose of mouthwash is applied with the highest amount of time allowed, then the eggs will become whiter than the eggs treated in the standard and lower treatments. 14 Bojnowski – Martin

15. http://soundentistry.com/fairborn-and-xenia-whitening/ Whitening Mouthwash Clinical Whiteness Scale http://www.soap.com/p/listerine-whitening-vibrant-white-pre-rinse-clean-mint-16-oz-87074 Bojnowski – Martin 15

16. Treatment Preparation 16 Bojnowski – Martin

17. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 17 Bojnowski – Martin

18. Average Overall Change Results Bojnowski – Martin 18

19. Results from DOE 3, Trial (+,+) Bojnowski – Martin 19

20. Bojnowski – Martin 20

21. 3.33 Bojnowski – Martin 21

22. Experimental Errors • Egg Replacement • Timer Errors • Egg Dying • Human Error 22 Bojnowski – Martin

23. 23 Bojnowski – Martin

24. Main Effect of Solution Strength • .39° effect. • Not statistically significant. 2* 3.33 < .39 6.66 > .39 Not Significant Bojnowski – Martin 24

25. Bojnowski – Martin 25

26. Main Effect of Time • 1.44° effect • Not statistically significant 2 * 3.33 < 1.44 6.66 > 1.44 Not Significant Bojnowski – Martin 26

27. Analysis

28. Bojnowski – Martin 28

29. Interaction Effect • .054 interaction • Not statistically significant 2 * 3.33 < 1.44 6.66 > 1.44 Not Significant • Shows that combination of variables does not have a significant effect Bojnowski – Martin 29

30. Were We Correct? If the recommended dose of mouthwash is applied with the highest amount of time allowed, then the eggs will become whiter than the eggs treated in the standard and lower treatments. ACCEPTED! 30 Bojnowski – Martin

31. What Happened? • Testing effectiveness of the mouthwash resulted in a positive outcome. • Whitening mouth washes were shown to have a whitening effect. Bojnowski – Martin 31

32. Further Research • Different forms of whitening • Cost analysis Bojnowski – Martin 32

33. Real-World Application • Dental concerning people • Solution to oral whitening • According to the British Academy of Cosmetic Dentistry, 32% of the world’s population is concerned about their teeth. 33 Bojnowski – Martin

34. Questions? 34 Bojnowski – Martin

35. Works Cited Arnold, Paul. "Mouth Bacteria It’s a Jungle in There." Brighthub. 22 July 2010. Web. 2 Jan. 12. brighthub.com Bodner. "Oxidation - Reduction Reactions." Oxidation-Reduction Reactions. Bodner Research Web. Web. 15 May 2012. http://chemed.chem.purdue.edu/genchem/topicreview/bp/ch19/oxred_1.php Chiedozie, Anjus. "What Is the Chemical Composition of Human Teeth." Ehow Health. 2 Jan. 2012. Web. 2 Jan. 2012. http://www.ehow.com/ehow-health/ Caldwell, Michelle A. "How Does Alcohol Kill Bacteria?" EHow. Demand Media, Web. 29 Jan. 2012. <http://www.ehow.com/how-does_5462404_alcohol-kill- bacteria.html> 35 Bojnowski – Martin

36. Works Cited Connolly, Arlene. "Does Hydrogen Peroxide Whiten Teeth." Sophisticated Edge. Web. 4 Feb. 12. www.sophisticatededge.com/ CTPA/thefactsabout.co.uk. "How Does Mouthwash Work?" The Factsabout.co.uk. Westhill. Web. 30 Jan. 2012. www.thefactsabout.co.uk/content.asp? menuid=31&submenuid=152&pageid=152&menuname=How+does+mouthwas h+work%3F&menu=sub Curatola, Dr. Gerry. "Re: How Does Tooth Whitening Work?" Web log comment. Sharecare. Colgate. Web. 15 May 2012. http://www.sharecare.com/question/how- teeth-are-whitened 36 Bojnowski – Martin

37. Works Cited Dyett, Linda. "Teeth Whitening: How It Works and What It Costs." Teeth Whitening. Ceatus Media Group, 12 Sept. 2011. Web. 17 May 2012. http://www.yourdentistryguide.com/teeth-whitening/ Forssten, Sofia D., Marika Björklund, and Arthur C. Ouwehand. Streptococcus Mutans, Caries and Simulation Models. Publication. Vol. 3. Basel: MDPI, 2010. Streptococcus Mutans, Caries and Simulation Models. MPDI, 23 Feb. 2010. Web. 16 May 2012. http://www.mdpi.com/2072-6643/2/3/290 Johnson, Steve A. "Why Do Our Teeth Turn Yellow." Enzine Articles. 17 Apr. 2009. Web. 4 Feb. 12. <ezinearticles.com> 37 Bojnowski – Martin

38. Works Cited National Center for Biotechnology Information, U.S. National Library of Medicine. PubMed. U.S. National Library of Medicine, 16 May 2012. Web. 16 May 2012. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed Orginization (unidentified). "Best Way to Whiten Teeth." Bestwaytowhitenteeth.net. 10 Oct. 2000. Web. 18 Mar. 2012. http://www.bestwaytowhitenteeth.net/ Osborne, Louise, and Michael B. Thompson. JSTOR/Chemical Composition and Structure of. Publication. American Society of Ichthyologists and Herpetologists (ASIH), 2 Aug. 2005. Web. 29 Jan. 2012. http://www.jstor.org/pss/4098580 38 Bojnowski – Martin

39. Works Cited Roguski, James. “The Truth About Food Grade Hydrogen Peroxide.” Food Grade-Hydrogen-Peroxide. Numerous (several articles included in one). James Paul Roguski. Numerous Dates. PDF file. Web. 2 Feb.12. www.foodgradehydrogenperoxide.com/sitebuildercontent/sitebuilderfiles/TheTruthAboutFGHP.pdf Russell, J. Thomas. Tooth Whitening Shade Guide. Digital image. Sounddentistry.com. Sound Dentistry. Web. 13 Feb. 2012. http://soundentistry.com/tooth-whitening- shade-guide/shade-guide/ "Streptococcus Mutans." - MicrobeWiki. Kennyon University, 4 July 2011. Web. 17 May 2012. http://microbewiki.kenyon.edu/index.php/Streptococcus_mutans 39 Bojnowski – Martin

40. Works Cited Www.whiteteethglobal.com." Blog. White Teeth Global, 12 Apr. 2011. Web. 17 May 2011. http://www.whiteteethglobal.com/Blog/blog-teeth-whitening-statistics.html Wikipedia. "Tooth Bleaching." Wikipedia. Wikimedia Foundation Inc., 1 May 2012. Web. 22 May 2012. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tooth_bleaching 40 Bojnowski – Martin