Kingdom Animalia The “Weird Words” Lecture

1. Kingdom AnimaliaThe “Weird Words” Lecture Origin of Animals Characteristics Classification (Developmental Milestones)

2. TODAY’S KEY WORDS Cleavage Gastrulation Blastopore Protostomes Deuterostomes Segmentation Vertebrate Invertebrate Amniote Choanoflagellates Somatic cell Reproductive cell Coelom Radial Symmetry Bilateral Symmetry Acoelomate Coelomate

3. Origin of Animalia Ancestral Photosynthetic Eukaryote Ancestral Prokaryote Ancestral Heterotrophic Eukaryote

4. Origin of Animalia The animal kingdom includes not only great diversity amongst the current living species… but an even greater diversity of extinct ones as well! • The common ancestor of living animals: • May have lived 1.2 billion–800 million years ago • - May have resembled modern choanoflagellates, which are animal- like protists that are the closest living relatives of animals

5. Origin of Animalia Our common ancestor… was probably itself a colonial, flagellated protist. Somatic cells Digestive Cavity Reproductive cells Hollow sphere of unspecialized cells (shown in cross section) Colonial protist, an aggregate of identical cells Beginning of cell specialization Infolding Gastrula-like “protoanimal”

6. Origin of Animalia Neoproterozoic Era (1 Billion–524 Million Years Ago) - Early members of the animal fossil record include the Ediacaran fauna

7. Origin of Animalia Paleozoic Era (542–251 Million Years Ago) - The Cambrian explosion - Marks the earliest fossil appearance of many major groups of living animals

8. Origin of Animalia Mesozoic Era (251– 65.5 Million Years Ago) - Dinosaurs were the dominant terrestrial vertebrates - Coral reefs emerged, becoming important marine ecological niches for other organisms

9. Origin of Animalia • Cenozoic Era (65.5 Million Years Ago to the Present) • Mass extinctions of both terrestrial and marine animals at the beginning of the era. • - Modern mammal orders and insects diversified during the Cenozoic

10. The Animal Kingdom... … extends far beyond humans and other animals we may encounter! Common characteristics of animals: • heterotrophic, multicellular eukaryotes they cannot make their own food so they must ingest other organisms. • have no cell walls, just a cell membrane layer surrounding the cell contents • have two types of tissues onlyfound in animals: nervousandmuscle • most animals reproduce sexually and diploid (2n) stage is dominant • have a coelom(internal body cavity)

11. Classification of Animals Animals are categorized according to structural and developmental similarities A) Structural similarities: 1. The symmetry of their bodies, or lack of it Radial symmetry The parts of a radial animal, such as a sea anemone or jellyfish (phylum Cnidaria), radiate from the center. Any imaginary slice through the central axis divides the animal into mirror images.

12. Classification of Animals Bilateral symmetry A bilateral animal, such as a lobster (phylum Arthropoda), has a left side and a right side. Only one imaginary cut divides the animal into mirror-image halves.

13. Classification of Animals 2. Presence of a coelom, internal body cavity, or not Body covering (from ectoderm) • Acoelomate • ex. flatworms • lack a body cavity between the digestive tract and outer body wall. Tissue-filled region (from mesoderm) Digestive tract (from endoderm) Body covering (from ectoderm) Coelom • Coelomate • ex. annelids • have a true coelom, a body cavity completely lined by tissue derived from mesoderm. Tissue layer lining coelom and suspending internal organs (from mesoderm) Digestive tract (from endoderm)

14. Classification of Animals B) Developmental similaries: 1. Embryonic patterns of cell movement and specification • After a sperm fertilizes an egg, the zygote is formed. • The zygote undergoes a series of developmental phases to become an embryo. This includes: I. Cleavage- cells divide such that one big zygote cell becomes many smaller cells with identical copies of genetic information, forming a hollow blastula II. Gastrulation: cells from the outside immigrate inward forming embryonic tissue layers (the embryo is now called a gastrula) Zygote Eight-cell stage embryo Blastula The re-organization of these cells is what resulted in the formation of internal “cavity” (coelom/organ) Gastrula Gastrulation

15. Classification of Animals 2. Specification of blastopore: Mouth or Anus Eight-cell stage embryo Protostomes (molluscs, annelids, arthropods) Mouthdevelops from blastopore (the opening where cells immigrate internally) Gastrulation Deuterostomes(echinoderms, chordates) Anusdevelops from blastopore (the opening where cells immigrate internally) Fate of blastopore

16. Classification of Animals 3. Segmentation Repeating parts: (annelids, arthropods) - Worms (annelids) have segments that are all very similar except for a distinct head and tail - Insects (arthropods) have different segments like head, thorax and abdomen Limbs: legs/arms, flippers, & wings Animals with bilateral symmetry tend to have paired limbs, external appendages that extend from the bodies.

18. Classification of Animals 4. Presence of backbone, or not • Vertebrates: • - fish, amphibians, reptiles, birds, mammals • have a skull and a backbone. • skeletal features protect the animal’s nervous system • skull protects the brain and the vertebrae protect the spinal cord • Invertebrates: • sea anemones, sea stars, sea urchins • live in moist habitat and do not have backbone nor skull.

19. Classification of Animals 5. Presence of lungs, or not Lungs: - bony fish (i.e. Lungfish), reptiles and land animals - have lungs or lung derivatives (air sacs) that allow them to inhale air or give fish buoyancy. • No lungs: • - sharks, ray fish, lampreys • do not have lungs. • respire through gills.

20. Classification of Animals 6. Development of waterproof eggs • Amniotes: • - reptiles and land animals) • lay waterproof egg with a shell, which allow vertebrates to reproduce on land. • - In mammals, the shell-covered egg is replaced by internal embryo development Embryo Amniotic fluid Yolk (nutrients) Shell Albumin

21. Classification of Animals 7. Modification of scales • Scaly animals: • - reptiles (i.e. Iguanas, snakes) • scaly skin is sensitive to heat • Being cold blooded, scales help them absorb sunrays and maintain their body temperature. • Fur, hair and feathers: • land mammals (i.e. Gorilla), birds (i.e. Peacock) • Birds and mammals generate body heat from cell metabolism so they do not need to absorb sunrays. - Fur, hair and feathers are to help them keep body heat from escaping