More on supply and demand relationships

1. More on supply and demand relationships

2. Optimal parking charges • On street parking with low demand • To provide access to adjoining property. • On street parking with high demand • To provide convenience parking for shoppers and worker • Off-street parking should be priced at marginal costs - $10,000 to $50,000 per spot.

3. Charging policy • Administrative policy (e.g. Des Moines or Iowa State University) • If price is too low it encourages (quantity demand exceeds supply) leads to cruising looking for spots. • Market – Driven policy • Prices will vary with willingness to pay

4. Cross-subsidy between transit and auto • On separate guideway (no interactions) • Assume a toll is used to subsidize transit and transit has a constant price less than the average cost.

5. Highway Facility Demand shift due to transit subsidy Consumer surplus that is provided in average costs pricing that would not be available under marginal cost pricing Untolled A Tolled C Loss in Consumer Services Due to Marginal Cost Pricing

6. Before subsidy The subsidy that is not compensated by increased consumer surplus B After Subsidy Assumes no Economies to Scale AC=MC

7. A is the consumer surplus that is gained by not marginal cost pricing • B is the difference between the subsidy and the increase in consumer surplus due to the transit subsidy • C is the decrease in consumer surplus between average cost and marginal cost pricing scheme. Minimize B + C –A or Maximize A – B - C

8. Mechanics of Highway Evaluation

9. AASHTO Red Book • A Manual on User Benefit Analaysis of Highway and Bus –Transit Improvements (1977) • Full of nomographs and charts to estimate operating costs associate with geometry. • User Benefit Analysis for Highways, August, 2003 • Largely computerized.

10. AASHTO Process regardless of version of manual • Select Economic Study Features • Discount rate • Valuate of time to users • Commuters • Leisure travelers • Commercial vehicles • Analysis period

11. AASHTO Process Continued • Develop project description and project. • Project limits • Description of highway • Links • Intersections • Estimate development cost (some agencies allocate some or all of these back to the project) • Financing cost – part of the cost of bonding • Right-of-way acquisition cost • Utility negotiation and relocation cost

12. STIP Starts TMP System Plan Project Scoping Preprogram Scoping Design Build TMP Project development cost elements Long Range and Policy Plans Environmental Doc. Prelim Engr. Final Design Contracting Post Mortem Contract Admin. & Mitigation

13. AASHTO Process Continued • Define maintenance and operating costs • Snow plowing • Pavement maintenance • Traffic operating devices • Traffic management • Surveillance • Traffic assistance

14. AASHTO Process Continued • Calculate User Cost (with and without improvement) • Model hourly and daily traffic (for 30th highest hour during the design year. • K Factor, the percentage fo the AADT (two-way traffic) in the design hour. • D Factor, the percentage of the design hour flow in heaviest direction. • Why would analysis need the peak hour factor and what is it?

15. AASHTO Process Continue • Calculate the costs of basic section • Cost associate with vehicle flows and basic geometries (grades, curves, percent where passing is permitted, etc.) • Accident costs • The could be as complicated as any part of the analysis – most agencies just use rates or ignore difference in crash rates.

16. Crash rate models

17. AASHTO Process Continued • Section transition costs (work zone and construction disruption costs – difference costs from one section the next) • Intersection delay costs • Order from least first cost to highest • Calculate present worth of road user costs • Travel time Cost • Crash costs • Operating costs • Calculate present worth of agency costs • Including residual values

18. AASHTO Process Continued • Residual values • Will the asset be useful for re-use at end of planning horizon • If not residual value is zero • If still useful than assign a partial value. • In 20 years bridge may be worth 50% • In 20 years real estate will be worth 100% • Example residual values and lives • Drainage and drainage structures 60 life • Highway 20 – 40 years • Traffic control devices 5 – 15 years • Guard rail 4 – 7 years

19. AASHTO process continued • Estimate incremental owner costs and incremental road user costs • Calculate the desirability of project • Using incremental B/C ratios

20. AASHTO User Benefits Analysis Manual • A series of models (input through a series of worksheets) • Value of travel time – assisting valuing travel time according to type of trip

21. AASHTO User Benefits Analysis Manual • Operating cost manual – This module shows how changes in travel time impact cost

22. AASHTO User Benefits Analysis Manual • Accident cost module • Includes tools to estimate crash costs and frequency based on facility type and volumes

23. AASHTO User Benefits Analysis Manual • Project Management Manual • Costs of contracting and user cost of road construction

24. AASHTO User Benefits Analysis Manual • Pulling it together – • Module to help estimate costs of construction • Module to conduct benefit cost analysis • Many states have benefit cost analysis guidelines • Minnesota’s and Iowa’s are on the class web site.

25. Benefits of Intelligent Transportation System

26. Types of systems • Travel and Transportation management • Enroute driver information • Systems providing drivers information • CMS, VMS, and DMS • Mainline $150,000 or more depending on mast or sign bridge • Arterial sign $65,000 per sign depending on mast arm • Portable $15 to $40 K depending on size and coms

27. Enroute continued • Radio • HAR • Fixed $55 to $100 K • Portable $40 to $50 K • Broadcast Radio ? • Pagers – Push systems • 511 – Pull systems • Map display – no available in US (wireless internet only) • Enroute system requirements • Surveilance/Detections • Data base

28. Route guidance • Navigations systems service • Static systems – map displays, synthesized voice • System requirements • Positioning systems • Map data base • Onboard computer or radio line and remote computing (non available in US)

29. Taveler Serivce Information • Invehicle (enroute) • Display • In vehicle computer • Mapbase or roadside communication (On Star) • Not enroute • Communication to internet and display device • Host or information services http://www.dot.state.mn.us/tmc/trafficinfo/traffic.html

30. Traffic control • Traffic management center • FMS • FMS and Arterial Management System • Other capabilities • Cost of traffic management $150,000 to $500,000 per mile. RTMC Mass Pike Control Room

31. FTS • Traffic Operation Center • Ramp meters • Control Center – Communications • Incident management and removal • Traffic controllers • Traffic detectors – Surveillance • Motorist assistance program

32. Benefits of FMS • Ramp meters • Efficient use of capacity (diversion of short haul traffic) • Improved safety – weave and merge crash rates drop by 25 to 50% • Increase effective capacity – In excess of 2,100 vehicles per hour • Increased speeds – reduced peak period

33. Social Costs of FMS • Diversion to parallel routes • Equity issues – advantages the wealth • Promotes longs trips • Transfer land-values

34. Incident management • Steps • Incident detection • Incident verification • Incident response • Equipment • Diversion routes • Temporary traffic control • Site Management and clearance • Authority to clear roadway – immunity from damage suites • Benefits • 60 percent or more of all congestion is non- • Delay increase geometrically with response time • Delay = 3.08(X)2.04 Where X= time till clearance begins

35. Typical Benefits of FMS • Travel time – Decrease 20 – 48% • Travel speed – Increase 16 – 62% • Freeway capacity – Increase 17 – 25% • Accident rate – Decrease 15 to 50% • Fuel consumption – Decrease • Emission – Decrease

36. Travel Demand Management • Traditional demand management strategies • ? • ? • Pre-trip traveler information • Enroute Traveler Information • Ride matching, dynamic ride matching, and guaranteed ride home

37. Traffic congestion due to non-routine but anticipated capacity reductions • Many anticipate problem simply do not occur. • Individuals find alternatives (in time and location) • Cairns, Hass-Klau, and Goodwin • 150 source and 100 closures – multi-day closures like transit strikes • Average number of trips reduced by 41 percent in the area of the closure • Half of the trips did not reappear in the network • What is the moral of the story?

38. Transit application • Public Transit Management • Automatic vehicle location • Automatic dispatching and scheduling • Vehicle condition monitoring and management • Transit safety • In-vehicle surveillance • Facility surveillance • Employee management

39. Transit systems • In vehicle systems • Terminal system • Pretrip

40. Traffic Signal Prioritization Systems • Typically 30 percent of travel time along arterials streets is spent at signals • Traffic signal delay can be reduced in half

41. Electronic payment • Applications • Parking • Tolls • Transit fares • Fiduciary implications • Single purpose – closed system • Multipurpose – open system • Payment technology • Dedicated Short Range Communication • Smart card • Contact • Proximity card • Conventional technologies

42. Commercial vehicle operations • CVO Tax Payment and safety regulation • Hazmat tracking • Vehicle condition track • CDL and driver record • Vehicle registration • Tax payment • Third structure taxes • Over dimensional permits • International load screening

43. Commercial vehicle operation • Electronic clearance

44. Screening process High speed bypass Low Speed bypass Static scale

45. Results I-90 Scale Simulation With Existing Volumes Assumed 10% participation in electronic clearance program

46. Results Design Year Volumes Assumed 10% participation in electronic clearance program

47. Benefits • Reduced delay • Reduced fuel consumption • Improved enforcement • Safety • Pavement deterioration

48. Emergency Management • Emergency notification and personal security • Mayday systems improve response time • Emergency vehicle management systems • Traffic responsive systems

49. Intelligent Vehicle Initiative • Longitudinal collision avoidance • Passive • Active • Horizontal and intersection collision avoidance • Cooperative intersection collision avoidance system (CICAS) • Lane keeping

50. Intelligent vehicle initiative • On-board safety monitoring system • Driver alertness • Cargo security • Vehicle monitoring • Hazardous material monitoring • Lane change and merge assistance systems