RICHARD NIXON

1. RICHARD NIXON

2. New Federalism Less federal government control More state and local control Revenue sharing States received money to spend how they saw fit Federal government reduced restrictions Came in the form of Block Grants

3. Domestic Policy Liberal or conservative? Had to work with a Democratic Congress Changes from Johnson Administration Dismantled the Office of Economic Opportunity Impounded funds for social programs (overturned by Supreme Court) Didn�t push Civil Rights

4. Domestic Policy Changes (with a liberal bent) Family Assistance Plan Government guaranteed income More funds for Medicare, Medicaid, and Social Security Environmental Protection Agency Occupational Safety and Health Administration Consumer Products Safety Commission

5. Environmental Movement Two goals Use of resources �rights of nature� Mainstream Clean air and water Standard of living Radical Protests Making political statements Silent Spring Written by Rachel Carson in 1962 Showed the environmental impact of DDT Pushed the environmental movement

6. Environmental Movement Two disasters Love Canal Abnormally high rates of cancer, birth defects, etc. Discovered it had been built on a toxic waste dump Government paid to relocate residents Private companies settled lawsuits

7. Environmental Movement Two disasters Three Mile Island Nuclear power plant in Pennsylvania A reactor meltdown was narrowly averted End of large scale push for nuclear power Many of the environmental problems were tied to weapons development during the Cold War

8. Women�s Movement Gains Title IX Women in Congress Equal Credit Opportunity Roe vs. Wade Equal Rights Amendment Passed Congress in 1972 Can�t deny rights based on sex Not all women wanted it

9. Women�s Movement Phyllis Schlafly Stop ERA campaign Preserve traditional gender roles Fear women would get drafted, homosexual marriages, etc. Needed 75% of states to ratify (38) By 1982 only 35 had ratified

10. Southern Strategy Goal was to attract Southerners Tended to be conservative Unhappy with Democratic Party�s push for Civil Rights Appointed conservatives to the Supreme Court (total was four) Warren Burger replaces Earl Warren as Chief Justice Southern whites leave the Democratic Party for the Republican Party

11. Supreme Court Cases Swann vs. Charlotte-Mecklenburg Board (1971) Schools could use bussing to achieve racial balance in schools Roe vs. Wade (1973) States cannot restrict abortion in the first three months of pregnancy

12. THE ECONOMY

13. Inflation and Unemployment are economic indicators Inflation The rate of economic growth The increase in prices Economy is good if the rate is 3% to 4% -- that shows a healthy economy Under 3% means a lack of growth Over 5% could lead to price inflation Unemployment The number of eligible Americans who can work but are unable to work As unemployment gets above 5%, it can have negative consequences on the economy

14. Unemployment and Inflation USUALLY have an inverse relationship As unemployment rises, inflation drops As inflation rises, unemployment drops Stagflation (Defined) As inflation goes up so does unemployment As unemployment goes up so does inflation This is an identical relationship rather than an inverse relationship. When attempting to fix one problem, it often makes the other worse

15. CAUSES OF STAGFLATION Deficit Spending Great Society Vietnam War Will that impact inflation or unemployment? More economic competition Japan West Germany Will that impact inflation or unemployment? Increased labor force Baby boomers Women Will that impact inflation or unemployment? The OPEC Oil Embargo

16. The OPEC Oil Embargo OPEC � Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries Mostly made up of Middle Eastern, Arab, Muslim nations In 1973, war breaks out between Israel and Egypt The U.S. supported Israel OPEC put an embargo on oil shipments to the United States Will that impact inflation or unemployment?

17. Impact of the oil embargo on the U.S. Shortage of oil Do you understand how supply and demand works? Increase in gas prices (up to four times) Many Americans trade in gas guzzling cars Ford, Chevrolet, General Motors, Chrysler, Pontiac Many Americans bought fuel efficient cars Toyota, Datsun (Nissan), Honda, Volkswagen

18. Impact of the oil embargo on the U.S.

19. Nixon�s Attempt to Fix Stagflation Raise taxes, cut the federal budget Congress didn�t approve Raise interest rates Slowed down the economy even further August, 1971 � price and wage controls for 90 days Only helped temporarily

20. Impact of Stagflation Deindustrialization Industrial jobs left the U.S. 32 to 38 million Relocation of American companies overseas Cheaper More profits for American companies Population shift from the �rustbelt� Labor Workers lost family wage jobs Retraining of the workforce Many replacement jobs were service sector Unions lost power Couldn�t bargain for benefits/salary in wake of closing plant

21. STAGFLATION1970-1973

22. THE WATERGATE SCANDAL

23. The Pentagon Papers Daniel Ellsberg Had clearance to top secret documents Released to the New York Times Showed we were lied to about Vietnam Nixon tried to stop the release Supreme Court ruled against him Nixon steps up surveillance of �enemies� Paranoid?

24. The Pentagon Papers Nixon had aides attempt to steal documents to discredit Ellsberg Led by Gordon Liddy and Howard Hunt Became known as �the plumbers�

25. The Pentagon Papers Nixon had an �enemies list� Paranoid Afraid he won�t get re-elected Close election in 1960 Close election in 1968 He will put the plumbers to work!

26. The Election of 1972 Heading up the campaign: John Mitchell (former Attorney General) Committee to Re-Elect the President CRP or Creep?

27. The Election of 1972 Nixon wants to get re-elected What is working against him? Vietnam Economy What�s working for him? Democratic party in disarray Fight between liberals and conservatives �dirty tricks� . . .

28. The Election of 1972 George Wallace Running as a Democrat Claimed he was a moderate and no longer favored segregation Bid ended by Arthur Bremer in Maryland

29. The Election of 1972

30. The Watergate Break-In June 17, 1972 Burglars break in to the offices of the Democratic National Committee Nixon�s press secretary denied any involvement by the Nixon administration Burglars convicted in January, 1973 Judge John Siraca gave maximum sentences

31. The Watergate Break-In Two Washington Post reporters, Bob Woodward and Carl Bernstein began investigating. They were given information from a secret source known only as �Deep Throat�. �Deep Throat�s� identity wasn�t revealed by Woodward and Bernstein until 2006. He was Mark Felt � the number two man at the FBI

32. The Watergate Break-In James McCord said he lied because John Dean (counsel to Nixon) and John Mitchell (Attorney General) had told him to Nixon had authorized �hush money� Chief of Staff H.R. Halderman had ordered CIA and FBI to not get too involved Halderman, Jeb Stewart Magruder, and John Erlichman resign; John Dean is fired

33. Congressional Hearings Elliot Richardson becomes new Attorney General In February the Senate votes 77-0 to investigate. Archibald Cox becomes Special Prosecutor for Watergate

34. Congressional Hearings July 16, Alexander Butterfield (White House aide), said Nixon had a taping system in the White House to record all conversations Cox wants tapes, Nixon claims �executive privilege�

35. Congressional Hearings

36. Meanwhile . . . Nixon�s Vice-President, Spiro Agnew, resigns the office More corrupt than Nixon? Had taken bribes as Governor of Maryland Cheated on his taxes Republican Minority leader, Gerald Ford, is nominated as the new Vice-President.

37. Congressional Hearings The Saturday Night Massacre Nixon orders Richardson to fire Cox Richardson refuses and resigns. Deputy Attorney General William Ruckelshaus also refuses and resigns Finally Solicitor-General Robert Bork fires Cox He is replaced by Leon Jaworski

38. The Secret Tapes Nixon willing to give edited transcripts of tapes Contained the phrase �expletive deleted� Supreme Court rules he must hand over tapes One tape had an 18 � minute gap Nixon said it was an error by his secretary Rose Mary Woods Experts concluded it had been erased five different times. November 17, 1973, Nixon gives his famous �I am not a crook� speech http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ZmjMa2hLXpc

39. The Secret Tapes

40. The End Late July � House Judiciary committee votes 27-11 for impeachment On August 5, after hearing the tapes (which have Nixon ordering the cover up of Watergate), vote is 38-0

41. The End Three charges were to be brought against him: Misuse of Presidential power Obstructing justice Defying subpoenas On August 9, 1974, Richard Nixon becomes the first (and only) President to resign the office Gerald Ford becomes the 38th President

42. Opinions? One man�s opinion � �Richard Nixon is a no-good lying bastard. He can lie out of both sides of his mouth at the same time, and if he ever caught himself telling the truth, he'd lie just to keep his hand in." -- Harry S Truman.

43. Why resign? Nixon never admitted any wrongdoing If he was innocent why wouldn�t he fight it?

44. Did it impact Nixon?

45. What about the polls?

46. September 8, 1974 "There are no historic or legal precedents to which I can turn in this matter, none that precisely fit the circumstances of a private citizen who has resigned the presidency of the United States. . . . Many months and perhaps more years will have to pass before Richard Nixon could hope to obtain a fair trial by jury . . . But it is not the ultimate fate of Richard Nixon that most concerns me . . . but the immediate future of this great country . . . . Now, therefore, I, Gerald R. Ford, president of the United States . . . have granted and do grant a full, free and absolute pardon unto Richard Nixon for all offenses against the United States which he . . . has committed or may have committed or taken part in during the period from January 20, 1969 through August 9, 1974." � Excerpts of Gerald Ford�s pardon of Richard Nixon

47. Why would Ford pardon Nixon? Was Ford trying to put Watergate behind us and focus on fixing America�s problems? Had Ford and Nixon made a �deal� regarding the vice-presidency and subsequent pardon?

48. Impact of Watergate President can�t impound funds appropriated by Congress Freedom of Information Act (1974) More access to government documents Fair Campaign Practices Act (1974) Limits campaign contributions Allowed for political action committees (PAC�s) Following Vietnam and Watergate . . . Do you trust your government?

49. �Lessons� of Watergate? Did the �System� really work? To what extent was �Justice� served? How effective are campaign finance reform laws? Is the President above the law?