Unit I: The Elements of Music

1. Unit I: The Elements of Music Chapter 1 Melody: Musical Line

2. Melody Plot of a musical piece Theme of a musical piece

3. Nature of Melody Pitch - highness or lowness Interval - distance between two pitches Range - varies from melody to melody Shape Wave Ascending Descending All examples are MEB 2nd revised Range: Narrow: I/1 - Gershwin. Piano Concerto in F, III Medium: I//2 Copland. Appalachian Spring, III Wide: I/50 Holst. The Planets, �Jupiter, The Bringer of Jollity Shape: Wave: I/4 - Mozart. Piano Cto. No. 21 in C, II Ascending: I/3 Strauss. Don Juan Descending: I/54 - Bizet. Carmen �Habanera�All examples are MEB 2nd revised Range: Narrow: I/1 - Gershwin. Piano Concerto in F, III Medium: I//2 Copland. Appalachian Spring, III Wide: I/50 Holst. The Planets, �Jupiter, The Bringer of Jollity Shape: Wave: I/4 - Mozart. Piano Cto. No. 21 in C, II Ascending: I/3 Strauss. Don Juan Descending: I/54 - Bizet. Carmen �Habanera�

4. Nature of Melody Type of movement conjunct (stepwise) disjunct (skip) Conjunct : I/6 Mozart. Clarinet Cto in A, III Disjunct: I/51 Debussy. �Golliwog�s Cakewalk�Conjunct : I/6 Mozart. Clarinet Cto in A, III Disjunct: I/51 Debussy. �Golliwog�s Cakewalk�

5. Structure of Melody Motive - smallest usable compositional unit Phrase - musical clause or sentence Cadence - musical punctuation Motive: I/32 Mozart. Symphony No. 40 in g, I Phrase/Cadence: I/8 Sibelius. FinlandiaMotive: I/32 Mozart. Symphony No. 40 in g, I Phrase/Cadence: I/8 Sibelius. Finlandia

6. Structure of Melody Phrases have describable structure based on repetition and type of cadence used, much like poetry. Some melodies are balanced by a secondary melody known as a countermelody

7. Unit I: The Elements of Music Chapter 2 Rhythm: Musical Time

8. Rhythm The manner in which music progresses through time

9. Organization of Rhythm Beat - Regular background pulsations Meter - Description of patterns of beats (as in poetry) Defines length of measures Basic patterns of meters duple triple quadruple Beat: I/10 Vivaldi. The Four Seasons �Autumn, III Meter, duple: I/9 Beethoven, The Ruins of Athens, �Turkish March� Meter, triple: I/56 Verdi. Rigoletto �La donna e mobile� Beat: I/10 Vivaldi. The Four Seasons �Autumn, III Meter, duple: I/9 Beethoven, The Ruins of Athens, �Turkish March� Meter, triple: I/56 Verdi. Rigoletto �La donna e mobile�

10. Types of Meters Simple - beat is normally divided in two parts Compound - beat is normally divided in three parts Compound meter: I/30 �Greensleeves�Compound meter: I/30 �Greensleeves�

11. Other important terms Downbeat/Upbeat - refers to conducting practices: whether the music begins on or after the beat Syncopation - an accent which falls between beats a major characteristic of popular music of this century found in jazz as a primary element also found in African folk music and other folk traditions Syncopation: I/18 Stravinsky. The Rite of Spring �Dance of the Youths and Maidens�Syncopation: I/18 Stravinsky. The Rite of Spring �Dance of the Youths and Maidens�

12. Other important terms Polyrhythm - simultaneous use of two or more rhythmic patterns African folk music Jazz Rock Additive meter - patterns of beats of different sizes Nonmetric - no discernable pattern of beats

13. Unit I: The Elements of Music Chapter 3 Harmony: Musical Space

14. Chapter 3 - Harmony: Musical Space Gives perspective - a background for the melody Related to movement and relationship of intervals and chords (vertical)

15. Terms related to Harmony Chord simultaneous sounding of three or more pitches a three-note chord is referred to as a triad Scale a succession of pitches arranged in ascending or descending order solfege syllables commonly used to teach Western scales Octave - do to do Chord: I/16 Chopin. Prelude in e , op. 28 no. 4 Chord: I/16 Chopin. Prelude in e , op. 28 no. 4

16. Organization of Harmony Patterns of intervals in scales produce a tonic to which rest of the notes in the scale relate represents point of departure and a point of rest �Home� pitch or chord

17. Organization of Harmony Tonality refers to this organization around a central tone Tonal music was the basis of the Common Practice in music Major and minor scales were the chief materials of the Common Practice Scale chosen as basis of composition has a major impact on the emotional expression of a piece Major: I/13 Mendelssohn. Symphony No. 4 in A, op. 90 (Italian) Minor: I/36 Barber. Adagio for StringsMajor: I/13 Mendelssohn. Symphony No. 4 in A, op. 90 (Italian) Minor: I/36 Barber. Adagio for Strings

18. Diatonic versus Chromatic Diatonic pitches are drawn from the scale used in a piece Chromatic pitches are drawn from notes outside the scale in use

19. Consonance and Dissonance Dissonance clash tones provides interest and emotional impact provides forward movement Consonance provides sense of rest and fulfillment in music Dissonance: I/18 Stravinsky. The Rite of Spring �Dance of the Youths and Maidens� Consonance: I/8 Sibelius. FinlandiaDissonance: I/18 Stravinsky. The Rite of Spring �Dance of the Youths and Maidens� Consonance: I/8 Sibelius. Finlandia

20. Consonance and Dissonance Drone characteristic of folk music of all periods Characteristic of all early instrumental traditions Drone: Use MS Instruments sitarDrone: Use MS Instruments sitar