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Metric Conversions, Roman Numerals, and Fractions

Metric Conversions, Roman Numerals, and Fractions. Introduction. Pharmacy measurements come from different regions of the world The four most common types of calculation systems are: Metric system Household measurements Apothecary system Avoirdupois system. Metric System.

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Metric Conversions, Roman Numerals, and Fractions

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  1. Metric Conversions, Roman Numerals, and Fractions

  2. Introduction • Pharmacy measurements come from different regions of the world • The four most common types of calculation systems are: • Metric system • Household measurements • Apothecary system • Avoirdupois system

  3. Metric System • Used throughout pharmacy because of its accuracy • Metric units include: • Milliliters, cubic centimeters, and liters for volume • Kilograms, grams, milligrams, and micrograms for weight • Millimeters and meters for distance

  4. Metric System (Continued) • There is a 1000-unit difference between each measurement Most Common Metric Measurements kg______g________mg________mcg 1000x 1000x 1000x

  5. Metric System (Continued) • The use of millimeters is reserved for drug calculations based on body surface areas • Knowing the basics for volume and weight conversions is adequate

  6. Writing Units Using Each System(Continued) • Metric measurements • cc and ml can be used interchangeably • Dry weights use mcg, mg, g, and kg • Liquid volumes use ml and L

  7. Household Measurements • The most common measurement system still used in the United States is the household system • Measurements come in a variety of units • Volume refers to liquids • Weight refers to dry ingredients • Length refers to distance • Most common measurement is the teaspoon

  8. Common Household Measurements Household Measurements Metric (Volume)(Volume)Household 1 teaspoon 5 ml or cc* 1 teaspoon 1 tablespoon 15 ml or cc 3 teaspoons 1 cup 240 ml or cc 8 ounces 1 pint 480 ml or cc 2 cups 1 quart 960 ml or cc 4 cups 1 gallon 3840 ml or cc 16 cups or 3.84 L *Remember that 1 ml and 1 cc contain the same amount of liquid.

  9. Oral cups show equivalent volumes between household to metric and household to apothecary.

  10. Conversions • Metric system slide • When converting metric measurements from one unit to another you need to move the decimal either to the right or to the left • All changes of the metric system involve either dividing or multiplying by tens • Each unit is a multiple of 1000 • Remember the difference between 1 kg, 1 g, 1 mg, and 1 mcg is 1000

  11. Conversions (Continued) • Method for determining metric conversions Left Right Largest Smallest 1________1_______1_________1 1 kg 1000 g 1,000,000 mg 1,000,000,000mcg

  12. Conversions (Continued) • Decimals are not placed at the end of a number unless there is a fraction, such as 1.1 kg • Decimals and periods have been the main source of mistakes in pharmacies

  13. Determining Weight • Because all manufacturers provide proper dosing regimens based on kilograms, it is necessary to convert pounds into kilograms • There are 2.2 pounds per kilogram • 16 ounces = 1 lb 2.2 pounds = 1 kg • To determine how many kg in 1 lb, divide • To determine how many lbs in 1 kg, multiply

  14. Determining Length

  15. Roman Numerals • The number system commonly used in the United States is the Arabic system, consisting of numbers 1, 2, 3, and so forth • Many physicians use Roman numerals to indicate the quantity of tablets or capsules to be filled or to order the strength of medication

  16. Roman Numerals (Continued) • When working with Roman numerals, remember that if a larger number is placed in front of a smaller one, you must add both to determine the value • However, if a smaller number is placed before a larger number, then you must subtract

  17. Roman Numeral Practice • XIV = • XC = • CIV = • XL = • VIII = • C = • IV =

  18. Military Time • In hospital settings, international time, also known as military time, is used exclusively • Orders are written 24 hours a day and all medical-related caretakers must understand exactly when the order was written and when the medication or treatment is to take place

  19. Military Time (Cont’d) • The system is based on 100 • Starting with the first hour of the day, the clock begins at 0100 (1 AM) through 2400 or 12 midnight • By using this system there is never any question as to when an order was written or which order came first • Never use a colon

  20. Practice! Grab a white board and a marker!

  21. Question #1 A mother was told to give her 3 year old a ¼ cup of water every 4 hours. In 24 hours she will give the child ___ A. 6 fluid ounces B. 8 fluid ounces C. 10 fluid ounces D. 12 fluid ounces

  22. Answer #1 D – 12 fluid ounces 24 hours / every 4 hours = 6 doses 6 doses x ¼ c = 1 ½ cups total 1 c = 8 oz 1.5c x 8 oz = 12 fluid ounces

  23. Question #2 You assist a patient in wrapping an ace bandage around the leg. You use 30 cm. of ace bandage. How many inches did you use? A. 12 inches B. 75 inches C. 914.4 inches D. 1000 inches

  24. Answer #2 A = 12 inches 1 inch = 2.54 cm 30 cm / 2.54 = 11.81 inches

  25. Question #3 • How many days will an 8-ounce bottle of medication last, if an adult takes the maximum dose of 2 tsp. every 8 hours? A. 8 days B. 10 days C. 15 days D. 30 days

  26. Answer #3 A – 8 days • 1 oz = 30 ml, 5 ml = 1 tsp • 8 oz x 30ml = 240 ml • 240 ml / 5 ml = 48 tsp in the bottle • 48 tsp in bottle / 2 tsp dose = 24 doses • Dose every 8 hours / 24 hrs in a day = 3 doses per day • 24 doses / 3 doses per day = 8 days

  27. Question #4 The doctor ordered 0.25 g. of a medication for the patient. The medication comes in 125 mg per 5 cc's. You should give _____. A. 2½ cc B. 5 cc C. 7½ cc D. 10 cc

  28. Answer #4 D = 10cc 1g = 1000mg 0.25g x 1000mg = 250mg 250mg / 125mg = 2mg 5cc’s per every 125mg 2mg x 5cc’s = 10cc

  29. Question #5 A medical records clerk is asked to collect records regarding cancer patients. It is found that a ¼ of the records relate to breast cancer. There are a total of 20,920 records. How many are related to breast cancer? A. 83,680 B. 10,460 C. 5,230 D. 2,660

  30. Answer #5 C = 5,230 records 20, 920 / 4 = 5,230

  31. Question #6 Your friend is 65" tall. This is equal to A. 0.65 meters B. 1.625 meters C. 6.50 meters D. 16.25 meters

  32. Answer #6 B = 1.625 meters 1 meter = 1000mm = 100cm 10 mm = 1cm 2.54cm = 1 inch 65 inches x 2.54cm = 165.1 cm 165.1cm / 100cm = 1.651 m

  33. Question #7 You take a patient's temperature and find it is 102°F. You are to record the temperature as A. 24.66° C B. 34.22° C C. 38.89° C D. 70 °C

  34. Answer #7 C = 38.89 C Formula: C = (F – 32)5 / 9 102F – 32 = 70 70 x 5 = 350 350 / 9 = 38.89C

  35. Question #8 You are to use a needle, 3 inches long, to give an injection. How many mm. is this? A. 7.5 mm. B. 25.0 mm. C. 75.0 mm. D. 100.0 mm.

  36. Answer #8 C = 75.0 mm 1 cm = 10 mm 3in x 2.54 cm = 7.62 cm 7.62 cm x 10mm = 76.2mm * A 75mm needle is a standard size*

  37. Question #9 Marjorie has joined Weight Watchers. She would like to lose 12 kg in 30 days. On the average, how many pounds per day will Marjorie lose to meet her goal? A. 0.44 lbs. B. 0.88 lbs. C. 1.1 lbs. D. 2.5 lbs.

  38. Answer #9 B = 0.88 lbs. 1kg = 2.2 lbs. 12kg x 2.2 lbs = 26.4 lbs. 26.4 lbs / 30 days = 0.88 lbs.

  39. Question #10 You are to administer meds to a patient at 2030 military time. What time is that? A. 8:30am B. 10:30am C. 12:30pm D. 8:30pm

  40. Answer #10 D = 8:30 pm

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