Genetics

1. Genetics A Pedigree Question Mendel’s Experiments monohybrid cross – Segregation dihybrd cross – Independent Assortment Exceptions to Mendel’s Laws Incomplete Dominance Codominance (ABO blood Groups) Sex Linkage

2. Ataxia-Telangiectasia "Ay-TACK-see-uh  Teh-LAN-jick-TAY-sha" Ataxia Progressive degeneration of cerebellum that leads to lack of muscle control

3. Genetics Ataxia-Telangiectasia "Ay-TACK-see-uh  Teh-LAN-jick-TAY-sha" Telangiectasia Tiny red "spider" veins which appear in the corners of the eyes or on the surface of the ears and cheeks exposed to sunlight.

4. Genetics Female male Male with trait

5. Genetics Marriage ! Divorce

6. Genetics My Family

7. Genetics Pedigree of Family with AT

8. Genetics Pedigree of Family with AT

9. Genetics Pedigree of Family with AT

10. WHAT WAS BLENDING THEORY? • sex = children • 2. Children look like parents • 3. Siblings not identical

11. Mendel’s Experiment Green-seeded plants Yellow-seeded plants

12. Green-seeded plants Yellow-seeded plants Yellow-seeded plants

13. Green-seeded plants Yellow-seeded plants Yellow-seeded plants 75% Yellow-seeded plants 25% Green-seeded plants

14. Some Terminology……… Gene A segment of DNA Allele Different forms of a gene Example: Plants have a gene that controls for height and there are several alleles that control various heights.

15. Some Terminology……… Phenotype – The traits that you see Genotype – the alleles an individual has Example: My phenotype for eye color is blue, but my genotype is “bb”.

16. Let’s look at two plants……. Tall plant X Short plant All Tall Plants Which trait is dominant?

17. More terms……. Dominant – If it is there, it is expressed Recessive – allele that is only seen if there are two!

18. Let’s look at two plants……. Tall plant X Short plant All Tall Plants Which trait is dominant? Tall Can we tell which alleles are present in all plants?

19. Tall plant X Short plant P T T t t All Tall Plants F1 T t

20. Tall plant X Short plant P T T t t All Tall Plants F1 T t Homozygous - TT or tt Heterozygous - Tt

21. Tall plant X Short plant P T T t t All Tall Plants F1 T t F2 ????

22. How do we predict what will be in the F2? 1. What gametes will be made by each parent? 2. Punnett Square! 3. Phenotypic and Genotypic Ratios?

23. Monohybrid Crosses Crosses that look at one trait at a time.

24. 1. What gametes will be made by each parent? 2. Punnett Square! 3. Phenotypic and Genotypic Ratios?

25. Pedigree of Family with AT

26. The monohybrid cross led Mendel to the PRINCIPLE OF SEGREGATION EACH ORGANISM HAS TWO DETERMINANTS FOR EACH TRAIT AND THEY SEGREGATE DURING THE PRODUCTION OF GAMETES

27. Dihybrid Crosses Crosses that look at two traits at a time

28. 1. What gametes will be made by each parent? 2. Punnett Square! 3. Phenotypic and Genotypic Ratios?

29. The dihybrid cross led Mendel to the PRINCIPLE OF INDEPENDENT ASSORTMENT GENES DISTRIBUTE OR ASSORT INDEPENDENTLY OFEACH OTHER

30. Exceptions to Mendel’s Laws Incomplete Dominance Red RR WhiteR’R’ R PinkRR’

31. Exceptions to Mendel’s Laws Incomplete Dominance HH Homozygousfor ability to makeLDL receptors hh Homozygousfor inability to makeLDL receptors Hh Heterozygous LDL LDL LDLreceptor LDLreceptor Cell Cell Normal Mild disease Severe disease Normal Mild disease Severe disease

32. Exceptions to Mendel’s Laws Codominance A B AB O IAIA or IAi IBIB or IBi IAIB ii

33. Exceptions to Mendel’s Laws Codominance BloodGroup(Phenotype) AntibodiesPresent in Blood Reaction When Blood from Groups Below Is Mixed with Antibodies from Groups at Left Genotypes O A B AB Anti-A Anti-B O ii IA IA or IA i A Anti-B IB IB or IB i B Anti-A AB IA IB

34. Exceptions to Mendel’s Laws Sex Linkage

35. Exceptions to Mendel’s Laws Sex Linkage QueenVictoria Albert Alice Louis Alexandra CzarNicholas IIof Russia Alexis