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Missing Links

For Today. How far we've come!This ChapterScience and the massesScientists seek proofThe break-through!. The Triumph of Evolution?. Darwin Descent of Man (1871) The common sentiment

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Missing Links

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    1. Missing Links Chapter 6 9/27/07

    2. For Today How far we’ve come! This Chapter Science and the masses Scientists seek proof The break-through!

    3. The Triumph of Evolution? Darwin Descent of Man (1871) The common sentiment… “…the higher mental and spiritual nature of man is not the mere animal advanced through survival of the fittest.” Alfred Russell Wallace

    4. Not Everyone Agrees Evolutionary Naturalists Charles Lyell Alfred Russell Wallace Duke of Argyll Other Public notaries Leo Tolstoy Henry Ward Beecher William Gladstone William Jennings Bryan

    5. …. But some do agree Huxley Haeckel Karl Marx Socialist Elizabeth Cady Stanton Feminist Herbert Spencer Social Philosopher

    6. The new ‘Religion’ Andrew Carnegie industrialist George Holyoake Secularist

    7. Seeking Proof Current evidence Geographic distribution Anatomical similarities Natural groupings New evidence Paleontology!!

    8. Cuvier vs. Lyell Cuvier’s proof Species remain constant within geologic time Species abruptly replaced-- catastrophist Humans only appear in recent period Lyell’s uniformitarianism Fossils laid down intermittently – discontinuities prove nothing! ‘abrupt’ appearance of new species suggest gradual successio

    9. Late 19th Century Fossils linking reptiles to birds Sequence of fossils leading to modern horses Huxley and O.C. Marsh Branching pattern of evolution Still mounting evidence -- intermediate forms

    10. Birds from the Age of Dinosaurs Archaeopteryx Bavaria 1861 and 1877, primitive reptile-bird Ichthyornis dispar Hesperornis regalis Kansas 1872, primitive reptile-bird Compsognathus lognipas Bavaria, small bird-like dinosaur

    11. Horses In Europe Albert Gaudry (1850s) -- 3-toed horses from Pikerni, Greece Huxley and Kovalevsky (1870s) -- more 3-toed horses! In the U.S. O.C. Marsh (1860s) -- 4 and 5-toed horses

    12. Who cares? Public still not convinced Gaps in fossil record Fossils from pre-Cambrian strata? Fossils connecting humans to apes?

    13. On the ‘order’ of humans Cuvier and Owen put humans in their own taxonomic order (Homo sapiens) Huxley (Man’s Place in Nature, 1863) put all primates in the same order Cousins? Engis skull (Belgium 1833) “An average human skull that might have belonged to a philosopher.” Huxley Neanderthal bones (Germany 1856) Cro-Magnon Man (France)

    14. Awakening Public Awareness Lyell’s Antiquity of Man(1863) Rousing public interest Not really Darwinian Incremental development of body Great leaps forward in intelligence Darwin’s betrayal Opening the door…

    15. Science marches on… Human cultural evolution Archeology Anthropology Move over historians, moral philosophers, and theologians

    16. Dubois Eugene Dubois (1858, Netherlands) Conservative Catholic upbringing M.D. 1884 Anatomy instructor at University of Amsterdam 1886 Inspired by Darwin, Lyell, and Haeckel Joined Dutch Army as medical officer and moved to East Indies 1887

    17. Dubois’s Mission Haeckel History of Creation (1873) “… it follows from this theory that the human race, in the first phase, must be traced back to ape-like animals.”

    18. Dubois’s Discovery Pithecanthropus erectus (1891) (Homo erectus) Walked upright Brain intermediate between humans and apes “Upright Apeman” or “Java Man” International sensation Place in evolutionary tree debated

    19. Brain size vs. Uprightness Piltdown Man (1912) England Brain size led way to human evolution A hoax (1953) Peking Man (1929) Same as P. erectus?? Found in China Many more specimens found Actually, more closely related to man than apes

    20. South Africa, 1924… Raymond Dart Australian anatomist and anthropologist Trained at University College, London Head of Anatomy Dept., Univ. Witwatersand, South Africa Prizes for bones!! Josephine Salomons and the limestone quarry Australopithecus africanus – Taung Child

    21. The Cradle of Mankind Nature February 7, 1925 ”…their eyes saw, their ears heard, and their hands handled objects with greater meaning and to fuller purpose than the corresponding organs in recent apes.” Raymond Dart

    22. The Raging Debate Leading anthropologists rebuke Dart’s claim Robert Broom – Dart’s bulldog? 1936 new specimens of A. africanus at Sterkfontein, South Africa Affirmation of walking erect Australopithecus robustus Sir Wilfrid Le Gros Clark (1947) Confirmed Taung Child to Academia Disproved Piltdown Man

    23. The Discoveries continue Louis and Mary Leaky (1959) Kenyan paleontologists Great Rift Valley Australopithecus boisei Homo habilis (Handy man, 1961) – by Jonathan Leaky H. erectus (1970s) – by Richard Leaky Donald Johnson team (1970s) USA A. afarensis “Lucy” Many more Australopithecus from Great Rift Valley Earlier hominid fossils (1990s) Ardipithecus Orrorin Sahelanthropus

    24. Hominid Species Sahelanthropus tchadensis Orrorin tugenensis Ardipithecus ramidus Australopithecus anamensis Australopithecus afarensis Kenyanthropus platyops Australopithecus africanus Australopithecus garhi Australopithecus aethiopicus Australopithecus robustus Australopithecus boisei Homo habilis Homo georgicus Homo erectus Homo ergaster Homo antecessor Homo heidelbergensis Homo neanderthalensis Homo floresiensis Homo sapiens sapiens

    25. The Discoveries still continue… Homo floresiensis Flores 2003 1 Meter tall (hobbit?) Hunted dwarf elephants

    26. Hominid Evolutionary Timeline evolution.berkeley.edu/.../IIE2cHumanevop2.shtml

    27. References Websites http://www.talkorigins.org http://www.strangescience.net http://evolution.berkeley.edu/ http://www.becominghuman.org/ http://www.sciencedaily.com/ Some interesting papers Tocheri, Matthew W., et al. The Primitive Wrist of Homo floresiensis and Its Implications for Hominid Evolution Science 2007, 317:5845, 1743–1745. Spoor, F., et al. Implications of new early Homo fossils from Ileret, east of Lake Turkana, Kenya Nature 2007, 448, 688-691.

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