Topic #2 Democratic States South Africa Terms

1. Topic #2 Democratic StatesSouth Africa Terms Remember: IB looks for: Nature & Structure of Government, Economic & Social Policies, & PSE Challenges

2. Background • Massive shift with end of apartheid • Keep focus on the why and how of changes between 1989-1991 AND Mandela’s contributions. • Affected to a lesser degree by the Cold War • Mandela trained as a lawyer, co-founded the Youth League of the ANC, and later the military wing of the ANC (MK) • Previously 3 classes: White, Coloured, African

3. Nature & Structure of Democracy • Mandela freed 1990 • CODESA (Convention for a Democratic South Africa) – 1991 • de Klerk & 1992 referendum • Joe Slovo & Sunset Clauses • Local ethnic recognition: 9 provinces, 11 languages, customary law • Federal authority: bicameral legislature, president chosen by legislature, proportional representation, court system, power sharing until ‘99, universal suffrage, gender equality, social & economic rights, Bills of Rights, NO white veto • Elections held in April 1994 – Mandela inaugurated in May 1994

4. Political, Economic, & Social Challenges • Transition to majority rule • Racism & ethnic conflict • Divisions over the treatment of women • Political extremism & violence (“Third Force”) • Poverty, wealth & unemployment • Education gap • AIDS = orphans, crime, etc. • Murder rate 10x the US

5. Pre-1994 Policies • March 1992 Referendum • Sunset Clause • The Rule of Law

6. Mandela Policies • Truth & Reconciliation Commission (‘95) • Shift from planned economy to Capitalist model • Reconstruction & Development Plan (RDP), 1994-96 • Growth, Employment, & Redistribution (GEAR), 1996-99 • More rural hospitals, but little done for those in cities • Continuing divide on gender equality

7. Mbecki Policies • “The Rainbow Nation” • Centralized power (“one-party democracy”) • National Party gone & Inkatha absorbed into government • Power sharing of interim constitution gone