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Chapter 14. Discussion and Review. Mongol Empire. Mongolian Steppes. Xinjiang Region – Typical Uygher [Mongol] “Yurt”. Mongol Invasions. Mongol Warriors. Mongol Archer. Gold Saddle Arch – Mongols, 13c. Gold Saddle, Front View – Mongols, 13c. Genghis Khan’s Tax Laws:.
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Chapter 14 Discussion and Review
Genghis Khan’s Tax Laws: • If you do not pay homage, we will take your prosperity. • If you do not have prosperity, we will take your children. • If you do not have children, we will take your wife. • If you do not have a wife, we will take your head. • Used cruelty as a weapon --> some areas never recovered from Mongol destruction!
Yuan Empire (1279-1368) • Khubilai Khan • Declared Great Khan in 1265 • founded the Yuan empire in 1271 • Moved capital to Beijing • Incorporated Chinese traditions • Confucian laws and public policies • Government • Western Asian Muslims as official • Hierarchical system • Legally defined status groups • Confucians had a weak role • merchants and doctors elevated
Yuan (Mongol) Dynasty, 1279-1368 C.E. • Kublai Khan [r. 1260-1294] • Pax Mongolica [“Mongol Peace”] • Tolerated Chinese culturebut lived apart from them. • No Chinese in top govt. posts. • Believed foreigner were moretrustworthy. • Encouraged foreign trade & foreign merchants to live and work in China. • Marco Polo
Marco Polo (1254-1324) • A Venetian merchant. • Traveled through YuanChina: 1271-1295 • “Black Stones” [coal] • Gunpowder. • Noodles.
Yuan Dynasty • Economy / Trade • Tax farming • Used paper money and copper coins • Revitalized trade • Cultural Diffusion • Encouraged sharing and exchange of ideas • Medical information, Science, Mathematics, warfare, etc.
Ming Dynasty - 1368 – 1644 • Closed borders to foreigners • severed relations with Middle East and Central Asia • moved capital to Nanjing; later moved backed to Beijing • The Ming were nationalistic and turned toward Confucianism.
2 How Did the Ming Restore the Chinese Government… • Restored the civil service system and made the exams more rigorous than ever • Revived Confucian learning • Repaired the canal system that linked regions and made trade easier • Supported a revival of arts and literature
Ming Cultural Revolution • Printing & Literacy • Cheap, popular books: • woodblock printing. • cheap paper. • Examination system. • Leads to explosion in literacy. • Leads to further popularization of the commercial market. • Culture & Art • Increased literacy leads to increased interest in cultural expressions, ideas, and things: • Literature. • Painting. • Ceramics. • Opera.
Ming Silver Market • Spanish Silver Convoys • Triangle route: • Philippines to China to Japan. • Silver floods Chinese Market: • Causes devaluation of currency & recession • Adds to reasons for Chinese immigration overseas. • Reduces price of Chinese goods in Europe • Increases interest in Chinese culture & ideas in Europe. • Helps fund conquest of New World • Encourages Europeans in conquest & trade.
Ming Dynasty, 1368-1644 C.E. • Golden Age of Chinese Art • Moderation • Softness • Gracefulness • Hundreds of thousands ofworkers constructed theForbidden City.
Admiral Zheng He (Cheng Ho) • Ming “Treasure Fleet” • Each ship 400’ long & 160’ wide • China’s “Columbus?” 1371-1435
Admiral Zheng He’s Voyages • First Voyage: 1405-1407 [62 ships; 27,800 men]. • Second Voyage: 1407-1409 [Ho didn’t go on this trip]. • Third Voyage: 1409-1411 [48 ships; 30,000 men]. • Fourth Voyage: 1413-1415 [63 ships; 28,500 men]. • Fifth Voyage: 1417-1419 • Sixth Voyage: 1421-1422 • Emperor Zhu Gaozhi cancelled future trips and ordered ship builders and sailors to stop work. • Seventh Voyage: 1431-1433 • Emperor Zhu Zhanji resumed the voyages in 1430 to restore peaceful relations with Malacca & Siam • 100 ships and 27,500 men; Cheng Ho died on the return trip.
Zheng He’s Mission • Mission • To reestablish trade links with the Middle East • Bring Southeast Asian countries and their overseas Chinese population under its influence • Accomplishments • Acquired Ming tributary states • 50 new tributaries • Overall not very profitable
Why did Ming emperors turn their back on overseas exploration? • Confucian scholars had little interest in overseas ventures. To them, Chinese civilization was superior to all others. • The Chinese wanted to preserve ancient traditions, which they saw as the source of stability. • Fleets of seagoing ships were costly and did not produce any profits.
Ming Empire: Technology • Ming technological innovation slowed after 1400, though the economy continued to grow. • The causes of the slow-down were complex • growth in population, large labor supply lowered the need for mechanization • Revival of civil service exam • scarcity of metals for the building of new machines • relative lack of technological challenge from military enemies were all contributing factors.
Ming Empire Vs Mongols • Similarities • Ming China was built on a Mongol foundation • political structure and administration • including the military system and a hereditary system of social stratification. • Differences • More ideological than structural • Closed borders to foreigners, severed relations with Middle East and Central Asia, moved capital to Nanjing • The Ming were nationalistic and turned toward Confucianism.
Geography of Japan • The surrounding seas have both protected and isolated Japan
Here come the Mongols • Only Severe threat to Japan Prior to World War II • Attracted by gold, pearls and power the Kublai Khan sent a letter demanding submission and tribute in 1268 • Two Attempts were made in 1274 and 1281 Mongol Armour, 1271.
Japan Defeats the Khan’s Army!! • First attempt 900 ships and 40,000 men • Surprisingly a strong wind came up “kamikaze” or the divine winds • Destroyed 200 ships and 13,000 men • By 1281 the samurai had built a stone wall and the Khan’s army was fought off from the wall! A stone barrier 20 km long bordering the coast of Hakata Bay at Fukuoka
Vietnamese LegendKublai Khan, the Mongol leader of thirteenth-century China, sent an army to conquer Vietnam. The Mongols smashed the Vietnamese capital but were repulsed by a Vietnamese guerrilla counter-offensive. A second Mongol invasion followed that consistedof 500,000 soldiers. The Mongols were met by a Vietnamese force of 200,000 men led by Tran Hung Dao who is today considered to be Vietnam’s greatest national hero. According to a legend that reminds us of England’s King Arthur story, a magical turtle arose from a lake and gave Tran an enchanted sword. He used this sword to again defeat the Mongols and then returned it to the turtle in the lake.
Han Conquest • Han conquered the southern “barbarians” in 111 B.C.E. by always had trouble controlling the area. • Why? Geography • Viet elite adopted the bureaucratic ways of the Chinese. • Adopted Confucianism. • Adopted ancestor worship and extended family concept. • Buddhism became a dominant influence in the religious and cultural life of the people. • Position of women was stronger than in China • Trung sisters