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Relativistic Nuclear Physics Today & the Physics Case of NICA

This presentation introduces the field of relativistic nuclear physics and discusses the NICA project, including its scheme, layout, and the use of heavy ions. It also covers the formation and expansion of quark-gluon plasma and the search for the mixed phase. The presentation concludes by discussing the FAIR/CBM and NICA/MPD projects.

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Relativistic Nuclear Physics Today & the Physics Case of NICA

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  1. RFRC School-Seminar NICAProject Nuclotron-based IonColliderfAcility I.Meshkov forNICA Collaboration ITEP October 16, 2009

  2. I.Meshkov, NICA Project RFRC School-Seminar October 16, 2009 Contents Introduction: Relativistic nuclear physics today & “the physics case” of NICA 1. Two projects- FAIR/CBM & NICA/MPD 2. NICA scheme & layout 3. Heavy ions in NICA 3.1. Operation regime and parameters 3.2. Collider 4. Polarized particle beams inNICA 5. NICA project status and nearest plans 6. RHIC – on the way to √s = 5 GeV/u Conclusion

  3. http://theor.jinr.ru/twiki-cgi/view/NICA/WebHome Introduction: Relativistic nuclear physics today & “the physics case” of NICA Evolution of collision region in NN Interaction What is The Mixed Phase? – - a mixture of QGP & barionic matter! I.Meshkov, NICA Project RFRC School-Seminar October 16, 2009 QGP formation and hydrodynamic expansion Hadronisation, hadronic phase & chemical freeze-out Hadronic phase & kinetic freeze-out Start of the collision pre-equilibrium “Chemical freeze-out” – finish of inelastic interactions; “Kinetic freeze-out” – finish of elastic interactions. ___________________________________ *) freeze-out – here means “to get rid”

  4. Introduction: Relativistic nuclear physics today & “the physics case” of NICA Precursors, Predecessors and Hints (Предвестники, предшественники и намёки) 1970 – Synchrophazotron (JINR): observation of dd  -jet : Ejet > 2mnc2 first cumulative effect! (V.Sviridov, V.Stavinsky) I.Meshkov, NICA Project RFRC School-Seminar October 16, 2009 The 1980th: AGS (BNL), NA49, NA50 and CERES at SPS (CERN), STAR & PHENIX at RHIC (BNL) Coming soon: ALICE at LHC (CERN) (NA49)NA61 (2011?) at SPS (CERN) STAR & PHENIX at RHIC (BNL)  RHIC-BES

  5. http://theor.jinr.ru/twiki-cgi/view/NICA/WebHome Introduction: Relativistic nuclear physics today & “the physics case” of NICA critRHIC (2009) stars n/n_nuclear (n_nuclear = 0.16 fm-3) I.Meshkov, NICA Project RFRC School-Seminar October 16, 2009

  6. Introduction: Relativistic nuclear physics today & “the physics case” of NICA I.Meshkov, NICA Project RFRC School-Seminar October 16, 2009 Киральная*) симметрия сильного взаимодействия – приближённая симметрия сильного взаимодействия относительно преобразований, меняющих чётность. (ФЭС, т.2, «Сов. Энциклопедия», 1990) *)chiral symmetry, от греч. cheir - рука

  7. Introduction: Relativistic nuclear physics today & “the physics case” of NICA 1 fm/c ~ 3∙10-24 s Elabs GeV/u 5 3.60 10 4.73 30 7.75 8012.42 RHIC (?) 158 17.36 NA49/61 (SPS)  NICA & CBM Baryonic chemical potential [MeV] I.Meshkov, NICA Project RFRC School-Seminar October 16, 2009

  8. Introduction: Relativistic nuclear physics today & “the physics case” of NICA I.Meshkov, NICA Project RFRC School-Seminar October 16, 2009 Precursors, Predecessors and Hints (Contnd) NA49 & NA50 at SPS  208Pb82+ x 208Pb82+, 2x158 GeV/u Hypothesis of quark–gluon plasma (QGP) – - a “mirage” never proved been observed Nevertheless, there are all indications of a qualitatively new form of matter produced in central Au x Au collisions at RHIC! (see further)

  9. Introduction: Relativistic nuclear physics today & “the physics case” of NICA Result: py Anisotropy in momentum space ps I.Meshkov, NICA Project RFRC School-Seminar October 16, 2009 Search for The Mixed Phase What to look for ? Elliptic flow of central fireball matter One has to measure the ellipticity parameter (Etotal) = ps/py

  10. Introduction: Relativistic nuclear physics today & “the physics case” of NICA I.Meshkov, NICA Project RFRC School-Seminar October 16, 2009 What to look for ? Search for The Mixed Phase (Contnd) Much more convincing: Fluctuations! They are “a sign” of the mixed phase: system becomes unstable at the two-phases stage! Thermodynamics analog: boiling water – - a flow of bubbles fluctuates tremendously. Which fluctuations?

  11. Introduction: Relativistic nuclear physics today & “the physics case” of NICA What to look for ? Search for The Mixed Phase (Contnd) Main candidate: energy dependence of particle ratio and its fluctuations, for instance  R = NK+/N+ R The task: to locate the critical point using correlation/fluctuation measurements: Pb + Pb (Au + Au) R = (R - R)2 Enhanced fluctuations near The Critical Point R p+p s Rajagopal, Shuryak,Stephanov I.Meshkov, NICA Project RFRC School-Seminar October 16, 2009

  12. 1. Two projects- FAIR/CBM & NICA/MPD FAIR (Darmstadt, Germany) – Compressed Baryonic Matter 238U Fixed target SIS-300 Detector Detector I.Meshkov, NICA Project RFRC School-Seminar October 16, 2009 Center of mass 238U92+ 34 GeV/u NICA (JINR, Dubna, Russia) – MultiPurpose Detector Center of mass 197A79+ 4.5 GeV/u 197A79+ 4.5 GeV/u

  13. 1. Two projects- FAIR/CBM & NICA/MPD (Contnd) I.Meshkov, NICA Project RFRC School-Seminar October 16, 2009

  14. 1. Two projects- FAIR/CBM & NICA/MPD (Contnd) The NICA Project goals formulated in NICA CDR are the following: 1a) Heavy ion colliding beams 197Au79+ x 197Au79+ at sNN = 4  11 GeV (1  4.5 GeV/u ion kinetic energy ) at Laverage= 11027 cm-2s-1 (at sNN = 9 GeV) 1b) Light-Heavy ion colliding beams of the energy range and luminosity 2) Polarized beams of protons and deuterons: pp sNN = 12  25 GeV (5  12.6 GeV kinetic energy ) dd sNN = 4  13.8 GeV (2  5.9 GeV/u ion kinetic energy ) I.Meshkov, NICA Project RFRC School-Seminar October 16, 2009

  15. 2. NICA scheme & layout MPD 2.3 m Collider C = 251 m 4.0 m KRION-6T & HILac Booster Synchrophasotron yoke “Old” linac Spin Physics Detector (SPD) Beam transfer line Existing beam lines (Fixed target exp-s) Nuclotron I.Meshkov, NICA Project RFRC School-Seminar October 16, 2009

  16. 2. NICA scheme & layout (Contnd) “Old” Linac LU-20 Booster KRION + “New” HILAC Nuclotron Collider MPD SPD Beam dump I.Meshkov, NICA Project RFRC School-Seminar October 16, 2009

  17. 3. Heavy ions in NICA Nuclotron (45 Tm) injection of one bunch of 1.1×109 ions, acceleration up to 14.5 GeV/u max. IP-1 Two superconducting collider rings IP-2 Bunch compression (RF phase jump) I.Meshkov, NICA Project RFRC School-Seminar October 16, 2009 3.1. Operation regime and parameters Injector: 2×109 ions/pulse of 197Au32+ at energy of 6.2 MeV/u Booster (25 Tm) 1(2-3) single-turn injection, storage of 2 (4-6)×109, acceleration up to 100 MeV/u, electron cooling, acceleration up to 600 MeV/u Collider (45 Tm) Storage of 17 (20) bunches  1109 ions per ring at 14.5 GeV/u, electron and/or stochastic cooling Stripping (80%) 197Au32+  197Au79+ 2х17 (20) injection cycles

  18. 3. Heavy ions in NICA (Contnd) 3.1. Operation regime and parameters Bunch parameters dynamics in the injection chain I.Meshkov, NICA Project RFRC School-Seminar October 16, 2009

  19. 3. Heavy ions in NICA (Contnd) 3.1. Operation regime and parameters Bunch compression in Nuclotron A.Eliseev Phase space portraits of the bunch Bunch rotation by “RF amplitude jump” 15  120 kV E – E0 , 2 GeV/div 2 1 , 10 deg./div I.Meshkov, NICA Project RFRC School-Seminar October 16, 2009

  20. 3. Heavy ions in NICA (Contnd) 3.1. Operation regime and parameters Bunch compression in Nuclotron Phase space portraits of the bunch (RF “phase jump”  = 1800) E – E0 , 2 GeV/div A.Eliseev , 50 deg./div _r.m.s. 5 deg./div. (1 deg.  0.7 m) E_r.m.c. 200 MeV/div. _r.m.s. 0.5 eVsec/div time, 0.1 sec/div. I.Meshkov, NICA Project RFRC School-Seminar October 16, 2009

  21. 2. Heavy ions in NICA (Contnd) 34 injection cycles to Collider rings of 1109 ions 197Au79+ per cycle 1.71010 ions/ring 2.1. Operation regime and parameters Time Table of The Storage Process Booster magnetic field B(t), arb. units t, [s] Nuclotron magnetic field B(t), arb. units t, [s] I.Meshkov, NICA Project RFRC School-Seminar October 16, 2009 electron cooling Extraction, stripping to 197Au79+ 1 (2-3) injection cycles, electron cooling (?) bunch compression, extraction injection

  22. 3. Heavy ions in NICA (Contnd) I.Meshkov, O.Kozlov, V.Mikhailov, A.Sidorin, A.Smirnov, N.Topilin 3.2. Collider E_cooler Spin rotator MPD S_Cool PU x, y, long 10 m Upper ring Injection channels Long. kicker x,y kicker SPD RF Beam dump I.Meshkov, NICA Project RFRC School-Seminar October 16, 2009

  23. 3. Heavy ions in NICA (Contnd) 3.2. Collider General Parameters I.Meshkov, NICA Project RFRC School-Seminar October 16, 2009

  24. 3. Heavy ions in NICA (Contnd) 3.2. Collider General parameters (Contnd) I.Meshkov, NICA Project RFRC School-Seminar October 16, 2009

  25. 2. Heavy ions in NICA (Contnd) 2.2. Collider General parameters (Contnd) Collider beam parameters and luminosity I.Meshkov, NICA Project RFRC School-Seminar October 16, 2009

  26. 2. Heavy ions in NICA (Contnd) 2.2. Collider (Contnd) • Two injection schemes are considered: 1) bunch by bunch injection, 17 bunches: • bunch number is limited by kicker pulse duration, • bunch compression in Nuclotron is required (!) • Electron and/or stochastic cooling is used for luminosity preservation. I.Meshkov, NICA Project RFRC School-Seminar October 16, 2009 • 2) Injection and storage with barrier bucket technique and coolingof a coasting (!) beam, 20 bunches, • bunch number is limited by interbunch space in IP straight section, • bunch compression in Nuclotron is NOT required (!) • Electron and/or stochastic cooling for storage and luminosity preservation, bunch formation after storage are required.

  27. 2. Heavy ions in NICA (Contnd) 2.2. Collider (Contnd) V(t) Cavity voltage Injectedbunch Time domain time Revolution period (p)ion V(t) Phase domain Cavity voltage Stack phase 0 2 Revolution period I.Meshkov, NICA Project RFRC School-Seminar October 16, 2009 Barrier Bucket Method Ion storage with “barrier bucket” (BB) method: Periodic voltage pulses applied to a low quality cavity (“meander”) when stochastic or electron cooling is ON.

  28. 2. Heavy ions in NICA (Contnd) 2.2. Collider (Contnd) Barrier Bucket Method Particle motion in “the phase domain” Phase domain (p)ion V(t) Cavity voltage phase 2 0 At BB = 2 the Formula coincides with that one for harmonic RF Separatrix: I.Meshkov, NICA Project RFRC School-Seminar October 16, 2009

  29. 3. Heavy ions in NICA (Contnd) 3.2. Collider(Contnd) Barrier Bucket Method (Contnd) Ion trajectory in the phase space (p, ) (p)ion V(t) p (p)separatrix Cavity voltage  2 0 Unstable phase area (injection area) _stack In reality RF voltage pulses can be (and are actually) of nonrectangular shape I.Meshkov, NICA Project RFRC School-Seminar October 16, 2009 Cooling is ON Stack The method was tested experimentally at ESR (GSI) with electron cooling (2008). NICA: Trevolution = 0.85  0.96 s, VBB  16 kV

  30. 2. Heavy ions in NICA (Contnd) 3.2. Collider (Contnd) Collider luminosity vs Ion Energy Two outmost cases at QLasslett = Const : 1) L(E)= Const ; 2) Nion(E) = Const  . 10 1.0 0.1 0.01 L(E) [1E27 cm-2∙s-1] 1.6 1.4 1.2 1.0 0.8 N_ion/bunch vs Energy [1E9] 10 1.0 0.1 _norm(E) [∙mm∙mrad] ! 0.5 1.5 2.5 3.5 4.5 E, GeV/u 0.5 1.5 2.5 3.5 4.5 E, GeV/u 0.5 1.5 2.5 3.5 4.5 E, GeV/u I.Meshkov, NICA Project RFRC School-Seminar October 16, 2009

  31. 2. Heavy ions in NICA (Contnd) 2.2. Collider (Contnd) IBS Heating and cooling –luminosity evolution at electron cooling B [kG] 8 6 4 2 6 Luminosity [1E27 cm-2∙s-1] 4 2 0 BETACOOL simulation ! Te = 10 eV Parameters ion beam: 197Au79+ at 3.5 GeV/u, initial =0.5 ∙mm∙mrad, (p/p) = 1∙10-3 electron beam: Ie = 0.5 A, re = 2 mm, Te|| = 5 meV;  = 0.024 (6 m/250 m) I.Meshkov, Status of NICA Project VIII Sarantsev Seminar Alushta, September 1, 2009 Conclusion: Electron magnetization is much more preferable

  32. 3. Heavy ions in NICA (Contnd) 3.2. Collider: electron cloud effect Electron cloud effect I.Meshkov, NICA Project RFRC School-Seminar October 16, 2009

  33. 3. Heavy ions in NICA (Contnd) 3.2. Collider: electron cloud effect Electron cloud formation criteria The necessary condition: The sufficient condition (“multipactor effect”): Here c is ion velocity, Z – ion charge number, b – vacuum chamber radius, re – electron classic radius, lspace – distance between bunches, me– electron mass, c – the speed of light, crit ~ 1 keV – electron energy sufficient for secondary electron generation. For NICA parameters (197Au79+ ions) (Nbunch)necessary ~ 7108, (Nbunch)sufficient~ 6109. I.Meshkov, NICA Project RFRC School-Seminar October 16, 2009

  34. 3. Heavy ions in NICA (Contnd) What is “old” and what is new? 3.2. Collider: the problems to be solved • Collider SC dipoles with max B up to 4 T, • Lattice and working point “flexibility”, • RF parameters (related problem), • Single bunch stability, • Vacuum chamber impedance and multibunch stability, • Stochastic cooling of bunched ion beam, • Electron cooling at electron energy up to 2.5 MeV I.Meshkov, NICA Project RFRC School-Seminar October 16, 2009

  35. 4. Polarized particle beams inNICA Spin rotator: “Full Siberian snake” Longitudinal polarization formation Yu.Filatov, I.Meshkov MPD B B SPD I.Meshkov, NICA Project RFRC School-Seminar October 16, 2009 Upper ring “Siberian snake”: Protons, 1  E  12 GeV  (BL)solenoid 50 T∙m Deuterons, 1  E  5 GeV/u  (BL)solenoid  140 T∙m

  36. 4. Polarized particle beams inNICA (Contnd) Longitudinal polarization formation (Contnd) MPD SPD “Full Siberian snake” Lower ring B I.Meshkov, NICA Project RFRC School-Seminar October 16, 2009

  37. 4. Polarized particle beams inNICA (Contnd) Polarized particle beams  injection S From Nuclotron B ~ 900 Spin rotator I.Meshkov, NICA Project RFRC School-Seminar October 16, 2009 Protons, 1  E  12 GeV  (BL)dipole 3 T∙m Deuterons, 1  E  5 GeV/u  (BL)dipole  5.8 T∙m

  38. 4. Polarized particle beams inNICA (Contnd) Parameters of polarized proton beams in collider I.Meshkov, NICA Project RFRC School-Seminar October 16, 2009

  39. 4. Polarized particle beams inNICA (Contnd) Polarized particle acceleration in Nuclotron: Spin resonances Q – betatron and spin precession tunes, k, m – integers, p – number of superperiods (8 for Nuclotron) Power of the Spin resonances: P1,2 ~ 103∙P3,4 I.Meshkov, NICA Project RFRC School-Seminar October 16, 2009

  40. 4. Polarized particle beams inNICA (Contnd) Polarized proton acceleration in Nuclotron: Crossing of spin resonances Yu.Filatov y s x Fast spin rotator y y y y y Bs Bx Bs Bx Bx s s s x x Qs - Qres Spin tune dynamics t I.Meshkov, NICA Project RFRC School-Seminar October 16, 2009 x y x -y -2∙x QS = x∙y/2 per 1 turn Protons, 12 GeV, Q ~ 0.01, t = 50 s x ~ 0.2, BxLx = 0.18 T∙m, y ~ 0.2,Bs∙Ls = 4.7 T∙m,

  41. 5.NICA project status and plans January 2008 NICA CDR MPD LoI January 2009 NICA CDR (Short version) Conceptual Design Report of Nuclotron-based Ion Collider fAcility (NICA) (Short version) I.Meshkov, NICA Project RFRC School-Seminar October 16, 2009

  42. 5.NICA project status and plans (Contnd) August 2009 NICA TDR (volumes I & II) Ускорительно-накопительный комплекс NICA (Nuclotron-based Ion Collider fAcility) Технический проект Том I Ускорительно-накопительный комплекс NICA (Nuclotron-based Ion Collider fAcility) Технический проект Том II Дубна,2009 Дубна,2009 I.Meshkov, NICA Project RFRC School-Seminar October 16, 2009

  43. 5.NICA project status and plans (Contnd) Approved by Director of JINR academicianA.N.Sisakian ____________________ Nuclotron-based Ion Collider fAcility (NICA) "____"2009 г. Technical Design Report Project leaders: A.Sisakian,A.Sorin TDR has been developed by the NICA collaborationp: JINR Physicists and engineers: N.Agapov, E.Ahmanova, V.Alexandrov, A.Alfeev, O.Brovko, A.Butenko, E.D.Donets, E.E.Donets, A.Eliseev, A.Govorov, I.Issinsky, E.Ivanov, V.Karpinsky, V.Kekelidze, G.Khodzhibagiyan, A.Kobets, V.Kobets, A.Kovalenko, O.Kozlov, A.Kuznetsov, V.Mikhailov, V.Monchinsky, A.Sidorin, A.Smirnov, A.Olchevsky, R.Pivin, Yu.Potrebennikov, A.Rudakov, A.Smirnov, G.Trubnikov, V.Shevtsov, B.-R.Vasilishin, V.Volkov, S.Yakovenko, V.Zhabitsky Designers: V.Agapova, G.Berezin, V.Borisov, V.Bykovsky, A.Bychkov, T.Volobueva, E.Voronina, S.Kukarnikov, T.Prakhova, S.Rabtsun, G.Titova, Yu.Tumanova, A.Shabunov, V.Shokin IHEP, Protvino O.Belyaev, Yu.Budanov, S.Ivanov, A.Maltsev, I.Zvonarev, INRRAS, Troitsk V.Matveev, A.Belov, L.Kravchuk Budker INP, Novosibirsk V.Arbuzov, Yu.Biriuchevsky, S.Krutikhin, G.Kurkin, B.Persov, V.Petrov, A.Pilan Chief engineer of the ProjectV.Kalagin, Chief designer of the ProjectN.Topilin Editors:I.Meshkov, A.Sidorin I.Meshkov, NICA Project RFRC School-Seminar October 16, 2009

  44. 5.NICA project status and plans (Contnd) Since publication of the 1-st version of the NICA CDR The Concept was developed, the volumes I and II of the TDR have been completed: Volume I – Part 1, General description Part 2, Injector complex Volume II – Part 3, Booster-Synchrotron A brief review of the Project, its status and plans of realization are presented here. I.Meshkov, NICA Project RFRC School-Seminar October 16, 2009

  45. 5.NICA project status and plans 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 KRION LINAC + trans. channel Booster: magnetic system Booster + trans. channel Nuclotron-M Nuclotron-NICA Transfer channel to Collider Collider Diagnostics PS systems Control systems Infrastructure R & D design Manufctrng + mounting mountg+commssiong comms/operatn operation I.Meshkov, NICA Project RFRC School-Seminar October 16, 2009

  46. 5. NICA project status and plans E.D.Donets E.E.Donets 5.1. Injector KRION - Cryogenic ion source of “electron-string” type developed by E.Donets group at JINR. It is aimed to generation of heavy multicharged ions (e.g.197Au32+). KRION-6T Cryostat & vac. chamber HILAC – Heavy ion linac RFQ + Drift Tube Linac (DTL), under design and construction (O.Belyaev & the Team, IHEP, Protvino). RFQ Electrodes Sector H-cavity of “Ural” RFQ DTL (prototype) 2H cavities of "Ural" RFQ (prototype) I.Meshkov, NICA Project RFRC School-Seminar October 16, 2009 To be commissioned in 2013. To be commissioned in 2013.

  47. 5. NICA project status and plans A.Butenko V.Mikhailov G.Khodjibagiyan N.Topilin 2.3 m Vladimir I. Veksler 4.0 m I.Meshkov, NICA Project RFRC School-Seminar October 16, 2009 5.2. Booster “Nuclotron-type” SC magnets for Booster Superconducting Booster in the magnet yoke of The Synchrophasotron Nuclotron Synchrophasotron yoke Booster • B = 25 Tm, Bmax = 1.8 T • 3 single-turn injections • 2) Storage and electron cooling of 8×109197Au32+ • 3) Acceleration up to 440 MeV/u • 4) Extraction & stripping Dismounting is in progress presently To be commissioned in 2013.

  48. 5. NICA project status and plans 5.2. Booster (Contnd) I.Meshkov, NICA Project RFRC School-Seminar October 16, 2009

  49. 5. NICA project status and plans 5.2. Booster (Contnd) Heavy ion Linac Beam injection Electron cooling system 2.3 m Slow extraction RF system 4.0 m Fast extraction Transfer to Nuclotron Experimental area bld. 1 B I.Meshkov, NICA Project RFRC School-Seminar October 16, 2009

  50. 5. NICA project status and plans 5.2. Booster (Contnd) Booster parameters Circumference 214 m Max B 27 T·m Lattice type FODO Superperiods 4 Periods 24 Strait sections 2 x 8,6 m Dipol magnets 40 x 2 m Maximum dipole field 1,8 T Quadrupole magnets 48 x 0.4 m Vacuum 10-11 Torr I.Meshkov, NICA Project RFRC School-Seminar October 16, 2009

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