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Erasmus Mundus M.Sc. ‘ Food of Life ’ Summer School

Erasmus Mundus M.Sc. ‘ Food of Life ’ Summer School UAB, Bellaterra (Spain), 12-18 August of 2014. Animal Production Systems: Aims & Scenario. Gerardo Caja gerardo.caja@uab.es. The fates of human societies (Diamond, 1997).

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Erasmus Mundus M.Sc. ‘ Food of Life ’ Summer School

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  1. Erasmus Mundus M.Sc. ‘Food of Life’ Summer School UAB, Bellaterra (Spain), 12-18 August of 2014 Animal Production Systems: Aims & Scenario Gerardo Caja gerardo.caja@uab.es

  2. The fates of human societies (Diamond, 1997) Jared Diamond: Ornithologist,physiologist, evolutionary biologist, biogeographer, Prof. of UCLA, Los Angeles, CA (USA) The Yali’s question: ‘Why is that you white people developed so much cargo and brought it to New Guinea, but we black people had little cargo of our own?’ > 1,000,000 books sold The Inca’s empire defeat at Cajamarca (Peru) in 1532: ‘How did Pizarro (168 soldiers) come to be at Cajamarca?. Why didn’t Atahuallpa (about 80,000 soldiers) instead try to conquer Spain?’

  3. How societies choose to fail or succeed (Diamond, 2005) A comparative method based on 12 key points to evaluate sustainability: • Preservation of natural habitats • Use of ‘wild foods’ • Maintaining biodiversity • Soil erosion • Use of energy sources • Use of freshwater • Sunlight supply (infinite?) • Release of toxic chemicals • Impact of ‘alien’ species • Greenhouse gas production • Growth of human population • People impact on the environment

  4. 980 AD 700 AD 12,000 BC 700 AD 20,000 BC 1,000 AD 500,000 BC 11,000 BC 500 AD 40,000 BC 7,000,000 BC 10,000 BC 1,000 AD Spread of humans around the world (Diamond, 1997) The human journey: Dispersement effect Hot question: Why main plant & animal domestication did not happen in Africa?

  5. World location of food production centers (Diamond, 2004)

  6. Centers of origin of food production (based on Diamond, 2004)

  7. ‘Large species candidates for domestication’ (based on Diamond, 2004) 1Animal species > 45 kg BW

  8. Reasons & consequences of domestication (based on Diamond, 2004) • Autocatalytic process • Induced simultaneously by the end of Ice Age during Pleistocene • Easily extended in the same latitude (horizontal axis) • Livestock (~10,000 yr) earlier than plants (~8,500 yr) • Allowed by depletion of availability of wild species • Selection of species for ‘easibility’ • Alternative purposes for the same specie (breeds) • Few species domesticated: • Large animals: 14/148 (10%) • Higher plants: 100/200,000 (0.05%) • Allowed sedentary and crowd living styles • Introduced ‘crowd diseases’

  9. World development axis: ‘Horizontal vs. Vertical’ (Diamond, 2004)

  10. Domestication morphology changes & easability (Diamond, 2004) Easibility Size & BW reduction, female or juvenile shapes & colors!!

  11. ‘Pharming’: ‘Animal GMO’ are already started… (2006) rhAT: recombinant humane ‘Anti-trombine’ Deficiency of ATIII produce thrombosis (80% deficiency risk at 60 yr of age) 1 goat/lactation = 90.000 human blood donors (GTC biotherapeutics, USA)

  12. Pig (A) flu crisis Bird flu crisis BSE crisis World war II World war I Hunger crisis & migrations New lands Sustenance Food safety & traceability Food quality Food quantity Human requirements & food resources evolution(Based in: Sauvant, 1990) Development index Sustainability & biodiversity Rural society Industrial Modern XV XVIII XX XXI Time

  13. The ‘Malthusian theory’ revisited Thomas Malthus (1798): English economist and demographer. Considered one of the 10 economists that changed the world vision. Statement: ‘Population growth proceeds exponentially (extra people added also themselves reproduce), while food production increases only arithmetically’ • Mathematics or religion conflict?: • Valid under isolated conditions: ‘Collapse’ • Altered by introducing ‘alien’ foods • Regulated by population control • Sustainable growth?

  14. Human population today (>7,000 Millions!)

  15. The ‘lab tube theory’ • Canadian genetist and ecologist. Awarded with the Right Livelihood Award (Suecia, 2009). Author of “The legacy”: • “Why is growth an end in itself?” • “How can growth and consumption be aims?” • “Exponential growth is simply a way to suicide”. Life in the Earth is like the growth of bacteria in a lab tube able to divide each minute. We are at minute 59th…

  16. The ‘lab tube theory’(1/3): Starting 0 min = 1, 1 min = 2, 2 min = 22,… 59 min = 50%, 60 min = 100% . . . .

  17. The ‘lab tube theory’(2/3): Growing 55 min = 3.125%, 58 min = 25%, 59 min = 50%, 60 min = 100% # ! No! There is still 50% No! We still have more than 76% Are we too fast? . . . . . Are we too fast?

  18. The ‘lab tube theory’(3/3): Collapsing 62 min = 400% 59 min = 50% I + D + i = ×4

  19. The World scenario: Commodities(FAOStat, 2013)

  20. The World scenario (Wint et al., 2003):Land unsuitable for ruminants or crops

  21. The World scenario (Wint et al., 2005): Land unsuitable for monogastrics

  22. The World livestock population (FAOSTAT, 2013): Specie Population (× 106) Human/animal ratio Humans 7,0001.0 Cattle 1,426 4.8 Water buffalo 195 37.5 Sheep 1,0946.1 Goats 924 8.2 Pigs 967 6.8 Horses 59 117.3 Donkeys 43 161.3 Mules 11 496.2 Camels 19 339.5 Poultry 20,708 0.4 Rabbits 0.89 403,187.5

  23. Global Livestock Densities: 1. Cattle Legend cattle/km2 Map prepared by LEAD - FAO, 2002 Livestock, Environment And Development Initiative

  24. Global Livestock Densities: 2. Small Ruminants Legend sheep & goat/km2 Map prepared by LEAD - FAO, 2002 Livestock, Environment And Development Initiative

  25. Global Livestock Densities: 3. Pigs Legend pigs/km2 Map prepared by LEAD - FAO, 2002 Livestock, Environment And Development Initiative

  26. Global Livestock Densities: 4. Poultry Legend poultry/km2 Map prepared by LEAD - FAO, 2002 Livestock, Environment And Development Initiative

  27. World feed production per capita (Gill, 2007) Plateau (97 kg/person)

  28. World manufactured feed per livestock To which species? (Gill, 2007) World (2006) = 635 Mt/yr No growing in tonnage Faster growing in tonnage 88%

  29. Who is using the resources?: Top 10 countries in industrial feed production (Gill, 2007) World (2006) = 635 Mt/yr

  30. The World livestock scenario: Meat & Milk supply by country Meat Milk Animal foods are mainly produced & consumed in the more developed countries.

  31. Human evolution & Food supply: 1/2 • Diet varied during human evolution: • Less fiber • More carbohydrates • More protein • More fat • Higher n-6/n-3 FA • Sedentary habits • Incorrect diet Future? > 20% obesity > 30% cancer from diet > 10% diabetes

  32. Human evolution & Food supply: 2/2

  33. Dietary recommendations for humans(old USA)

  34. Dietary recommendations for humans in the ‘Mediterranean Diet’ Cakes & sweets Fats & oils (limited use) 5-8 servings Meat, fish & eggs Vegetables (2-3 servings) Milk & dairy products Fruits (3-5 servings) Cereals (6-11 servings)

  35. New USA recommendations: Dynamic Pyramid (mypiramid.gov) Proportionality Activity Variety Personalization Moderation Gradual improving

  36. Dietary saturated fat (SF): the public enemy?Taubes (2001) • High SF content in meat and dairy products. • Restriction based on a chain of facts on SF: • Elevates blood cholesterol • Cholesterol clogs arteries (atheroesclerosis) • Elevates risk of hearth attack, stroke and death. • Veracity of the whole facts chain never been proved. • Evidences support that healthy individuals only can extend their lives by few weeks by eating less fat.

  37. Livestock greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions • Livestock responsible of: • 9% CO2 × 1 • 35% CH4 × 21 • 65% NO × 300 • Livestock industry related to 18% of total world GHG (direct & indirect) • “The Lancet” (2007) • Recommended to reduce meat consumption to • 90 g/person/day (32 kg/yr) as a way to reduce Global Warming: • “Less meat = less heat”

  38. Carbon print of dairy cattle: 1944 vs. 2007 (Capper et al., 2007)

  39. Methane not 21 times more potent than CO2 still controversial (Flood, 2011) Statement: Livestock convert CO2 to CH4 “a gas which is 21 times more effective than CO2 as a greenhouse gas (GHG).” Error? The confusion stems from the fact that: 1 t CH4 = 21 times more effective than 1 t CO2 But: CH4 = 16 g/mol; 1 t = 1,000/16 = 62.5 mol CO2 = 44 g/mol; 1 t = 1,000/44 = 22.7 mol Ratio CH4 toCO2 = 2.75 (Ratio N2O toCO2 = 1) If livestock takes 1 t CO2 and converts it to CH4 they will only produce: 1,000 kg/2.75 = 363 kg CH4 GHG efficiency: 363 kg CH4 × 21 = 7,623 kg CO2 So: 1 mol CH4 is only 7.6 times more effective than CO2 for GHG!!

  40. The ecological war: “Cars vs. Cows” Car: 150 g CO2/km 1 car = 10,000 km/yr × 150 g/km = 1.5 t CO2/yr = 20,000 km/yr × 150 g/km = 3.0 t CO2/yr Cow: Digestion (70-120) = 100 kg CH4/yr Manure = 16 kg CH4/yr 1.9 kg N2O/yr GHG = 116 kg CH4 × 16/44 × 21 (7.6) = 0.89 t CO2 (0.32 t) 1.9 kg N2O × 44/44 × 300 = 0.57 t CO2 1.46 t CO2(0.89 t) = 116 kg CH4/yr Green car: 100 g CO2/km = 1.0 - 2.0 t CO2/yr 1 dairy cow < 1 car … but, is car recycling CO2 like cow does?

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