DR. SUYANTO, SE, MM, MAk

1. DR. SUYANTO, SE, MM, MAk ALAMAT : Perumahan : Kota Kembang Depok Raya Sektor Melati Blok F1 No. 3RT 05/05 Jatimulya, Sukmajaya, Kota Depok 16413 Telephone : 021-87913345, Fax. 021-87913347 Mobile Phone : 0811-952956, 0813-14222230 Flexi : 021-33500900, 7027 7997 E-mail : suyanto66@ymail.com suyanto@cbn.net.id

2. MANAJEMEN OPERASI DAN STRATEGI DALAM MENGHADAPI PERSAINGAN(Studi Kasus : ……………………………) • BAB I : PENDAHULUAN I.1. Latar Belakang Masalah I.2. Permasalahan I.3. Ruang Lingkup BAB II : PEMBAHASAN II.1. Landasan Teori II.2. Analisa Masalah (SWOT Analysis) II.3. Pemecahan Masalah (Problem Solving) PENUTUP III.1. Kesimpulan III.2. Saran Daftar Pustaka Lampiran

3. Good Corporate Governance • Governance: Mengatur/Mengelola -- accountable • Bad Governance – rendahnya akuntabilitas • Good Governance – accountable • Definisi: • Komite Cadburry: keseimbangan antara kekuatan & kewenangan – akuntabilitas kpd share/stakeholders • OECD: akuntabilitas kpd shareholders via proses pengambilan keputusan yg bernilai tambah (transparan, responsible, accountable, dan fairness). • ADB: accountability, transparency, predictability, & participation

4. Key aspect GCG • Struktur yg mengatur hubungan yg harmonis tentang Dekom, Direksi, RUPS, & stakeholeders • Sistem check & balance ttg perimbangan kewenangan atas pengendalian perusahaan utk mencegah pengelolaan yg salah & penyalahgunaan asset • Proses yg transparan atas penentuan/pencapaian tujuan perusahaan & pengukuran kinerja.

5. Tujuan GCG • Melindungi hak & kepentingan share/stakeholders • Meningkatkan nilai perusahaan • Meningkatkan efisiensi & efektifitas • Meningkatkan mutu hubungan berbagai elemen organisasi di perusahaan

6. Manfaat GCG: • Mengurangi agency cost • Mengurangi cost of capital • Meningkatkan nilai saham perusahaan • Menciptakan dukungan dari para stakeholders Lingkup: • Extern – sistem hukum • Intern – Budaya perusahaan

7. Prinsip GCG (OECD): • Transparency • Accountability • Responsibility • Independency • Fairness

8. Learning Objectives When you complete this chapter, you should be able to: Identify or Define: • Production and productivity • Operations management (OM) • What operations managers do • Services

9. Learning Objectives When you complete this chapter, you should be able to: Describe or Explain: • A brief history of operations management • Career opportunities in operations management • The future of the discipline • Measuring productivity

10. The Hard Rock Cafe • First opened in 1971 • Now – 110 restaurants in over 40 countries • Rock music memorabilia • Creates value in the form of good food and entertainment • 3,500+ custom meals per day in Orlando • How does an item get on the menu? • Role of the Operations Manager

11. What Is Operations Management? Operations management (OM) is the set of activities that creates value in the form of goods and services by transforming inputs into outputs Production is the creation of goods and services

12. Organizing to Produce Goods and Services • Essential functions: • Marketing – generates demand • Production/operations – creates the product • Finance/accounting – tracks how well the organization is doing, pays bills, collects the money

13. Operations Teller Scheduling Check Clearing Collection Transaction processing Facilities design/layout Vault operations Maintenance Security Finance Investments Security Real estate Marketing Loans Commercial Industrial Financial Personal Mortgage Accounting Auditing Trust Department Organizational Charts Commercial Bank Figure 1.1(A)

14. Operations Ground support equipment Maintenance Ground Operations Facility maintenance Catering Flight Operations Crew scheduling Flying Communications Dispatching Management science Finance/ accounting Accounting Payables Receivables General Ledger Finance Cash control International exchange Marketing Traffic administration Reservations Schedules Tariffs (pricing) Sales Advertising Organizational Charts Airline Figure 1.1(B)

15. Operations FacilitiesConstruction; maintenance Production and inventory controlScheduling; materials control Quality assurance and control Supply-chain management ManufacturingTooling; fabrication; assembly Design Product development and design Detailed product specifications Industrial engineering Efficient use of machines, space, and personnel Process analysis Development and installation of production tools and equipment Finance/ accounting Disbursements/ credits Receivables Payables General ledger Funds Management Money market International exchange Capital requirements Stock issue Bond issue and recall Marketing Sales promotion Advertising Sales Market research Organizational Charts Manufacturing Figure 1.1(C)

16. Why Study OM? • OM is one of three major functions (marketing, finance, and operations) of any organization • We want (and need) to know how goods and services are produced • We want to understand what operations managers do • OM is such a costly part of an organization

17. Finance/ Marketing Accounting OM Option Option Option Increase Reduce Reduce Sales Finance Production Current Revenue 50% Costs 50% Costs 20% Sales $100,000 $150,000 $100,000 $100,000 Cost of Goods – 80,000 – 120,000 – 80,000 – 64,000 Gross Margin 20,000 30,000 20,000 36,000 Finance Costs – 6,000 – 6,000 – 3,000 – 6,000 Subtotal 14,000 24,000 17,000 30,000 Taxes at 25% – 3,500 – 6,000 – 4,250 – 7,500 Contribution $ 10,500 $ 18,000 $ 12,750 $ 22,500 Options for Increasing Contribution

18. What Operations Managers Do Basic Management Functions Planning Organizing Staffing Leading Controlling

19. Ten Decision Areas Chapter(s) • Service and product design 5 • Quality management 6 6 Supplement • Process and capacity 7 design 7 Supplement • Location 8 • Layout design 9 • Human resources, 10 job design 10 Supplement • Supply-chain 11 management 11 Supplement • Inventory management 12, 14, 16 • Scheduling 13, 15 • Maintenance 17 Ten Critical Decisions Table 1.2

20. The Critical Decisions • Service and product design • What good or service should we offer? • How should we design these products and services? • Quality management • How do we define quality? • Who is responsible for quality? Table 1.2 (cont.)

21. The Critical Decisions • Process and capacity design • What process and what capacity will these products require? • What equipment and technology is necessary for these processes? • Location • Where should we put the facility? • On what criteria should we base the location decision? Table 1.2 (cont.)

22. The Critical Decisions • Layout design • How should we arrange the facility and material flow? • How large must the facility be to meet our plan? • Human resources and job design • How do we provide a reasonable work environment? • How much can we expect our employees to produce? Table 1.2 (cont.)

23. The Critical Decisions • Supply-chain management • Should we make or buy this component? • Who are our suppliers and who can integrate into our e-commerce program? • Inventory, material requirements planning, and JIT • How much inventory of each item should we have? • When do we re-order? Table 1.2 (cont.)

24. The Critical Decisions • Intermediate and short–term scheduling • Are we better off keeping people on the payroll during slowdowns? • Which jobs do we perform next? • Maintenance • Who is responsible for maintenance? • When do we do maintenance? Table 1.2 (cont.)

25. From To • Local or national focus • Batch shipments • Low bid purchasing • Lengthy product development • Standard products • Job specialization • Global focus • Just-in-time • Supply chain partnering • Rapid product development, alliances • Mass customization • Empowered employees, teams New Challenges in OM

26. Characteristics of Goods • Tangible product • Consistent product definition • Production usually separate from consumption • Can be inventoried • Low customer interaction

27. Characteristics of Service • Intangible product • Produced and consumed at same time • Often unique • High customer interaction • Inconsistent product definition • Often knowledge-based • Frequently dispersed

28. 90 − 80 − 70 − 60 − 50 − 40 − 30 − 20 − 10 − 0 − Australia Canada China Czech Rep France Germany Hong Kong Japan Mexico Russian Fed South Africa Spain UK US Services Manufacturing Industry and Services as Percentage of GDP

29. Attributes of Goods (Tangible Product) Attributes of Services (Intangible Product) Can be resold Can be inventoried Some aspects of quality measurable Selling is distinct from production Product is transportable Site of facility important for cost Often easy to automate Revenue generated primarily from tangible product Reselling unusual Difficult to inventory Quality difficult to measure Selling is part of service Provider, not product, isoften transportable Site of facility important forcustomer contact Often difficult to automate Revenue generated primarily from the intangible service Goods Versus Services Table 1.3

30. Automobile Computer Installed carpeting Fast-food meal Restaurant meal/auto repair Hospital care Advertising agency/ investment management Consulting service/ teaching Counseling 100% 75 50 25 0 25 50 75 100% | | | | | | | | | Percent of Product that is a Good Percent of Product that is a Service Goods and Services Figure 1.4

31. Organizations in Each Sector Table 1.4

32. Organizations in Each Sector Table 1.4

33. Organizations in Each Sector Table 1.4

34. 100 90 80 70 60 50 40 30 20 10 0 Services Manufacturing Agriculture 1800 1850 1900 1950 2000 Development of the Service Economy Figure 1.5 (A)

35. 30 – 25 – 20 – 15 – 10 – 5 – 0 – – 150 – 125 – 100 – 75 – 50 – 25 – 0 Industrial production Manufacturingemployment Employment (millions) Index: 1997 = 100 Estimate 1950 1970 1990 2010 Development of the Service Economy Figure 1.5 (B)

36. United States Canada France Italy Britain Japan W. Germany | | | | | 40 50 60 70 80 1970 2005 Percent Development of the Service Economy Figure 1.5 (C)

37. Past Causes Future New Trends in OM Figure 1.6

38. Past Causes Future New Trends in OM Figure 1.6

39. Past Causes Future New Trends in OM Figure 1.6

40. Productivity Challenge Productivity is the ratio of outputs (goods and services) divided by the inputs (resources such as labor and capital) The objective is to improve this measure of efficiency Important Note! Production is a measure of output only and not a measure of efficiency

41. Processes Outputs Inputs The U.S. economic system transforms inputs to outputs at about an annual 2.5% increase in productivity per year. The productivity increase is the result of a mix of capital (38% of 2.5%), labor (10% of 2.5%), and management (52% of 2.5%). Goods andservices Labor,capital,management Feedbackloop The Economic System Figure 1.7

42. Before: • Cost $120 million annually • 21,000 vehicles • 30% of the 900 trash trucks were in repair • 11% of police cars were in repair Actions: • Created team assignments • Assigned parking places for trucks • Tires checked and trucks emptied each night • Standard customer pickups established • Computerized fleet management • Mechanics moved to night shift Increasing Productivity – The LA Motor Pool

43. Before: Results: • Total fleet reduced by 500 vehicles • Parts inventory dropped 20% reducing cost by $5.4 million annually • Standardized pickups reduced costs by $12 million annually • Out of service garbage trucks dropped to 18% Actions: Increasing Productivity – The LA Motor Pool • Cost $120 million annually • 21,000 vehicles • 30% of the 900 garbage trucks were in repair • 11% of police cars were in repair • Creating team assignments • Assigned parking places for trucks • Tire checked and trucks emptied each night • Standard customer pickups established • Computerized fleet management • Mechanics moved to night shift

44. Units produced Input used Productivity = Productivity • Measure of process improvement • Represents output relative to input • Only through productivity increases can our standard of living improve

45. Units produced Labor-hours used Productivity = 1,000 250 = = 4 units/labor-hour Productivity Calculations Labor Productivity

46. Output Labor + Material + Energy + Capital + Miscellaneous Productivity = Multi-Factor Productivity • Also known as total factor productivity • Output and inputs are often expressed in dollars

47. Old System: Staff of 4 works 8 hrs/day 8 titles/day Payroll cost = $640/day Overhead = $400/day Old labor productivity = 8 titles/day 32 labor-hrs Collins Title Productivity

48. Old System: Staff of 4 works 8 hrs/day 8 titles/day Payroll cost = $640/day Overhead = $400/day Old labor productivity = = .25 titles/labor-hr 8 titles/day 32 labor-hrs Collins Title Productivity

49. Old System: Staff of 4 works 8 hrs/day 8 titles/day Payroll cost = $640/day Overhead = $400/day New System: 14 titles/day Overhead = $800/day Old labor productivity = 8 titles/day 32 labor-hrs 14 titles/day 32 labor-hrs New labor productivity = Collins Title Productivity = .25 titles/labor-hr

50. Old System: Staff of 4 works 8 hrs/day 8 titles/day Payroll cost = $640/day Overhead = $400/day New System: 14 titles/day Overhead = $800/day Old labor productivity = = .25 titles/labor-hr 8 titles/day 32 labor-hrs 14 titles/day 32 labor-hrs New labor productivity = = .4375 titles/labor-hr Collins Title Productivity