Apologetics

1. Apologetics “But in your hearts set apart Christ as Lord. Always be prepared to give an answer to everyone who asks you to give the reason for the hope that you have. But do this with gentleness and respect” - 1 Peter 3:15 Session 4– Science of the Bible – Creation v Evolution Origins of Life

2. Apologetics • 1- Choices – Other Religions (done) • 2- Prophecy (done) • 3- Archeology (done) • 4- Science of the Bible – Creation v Evolution (today) • 5- Science of the Bible – Flood, Fossils, etc • 6- What Else?

3. Today’s Questions • If you believe the Bible, how do you explain evolution? • What about the Big Bang? Isn’t that established fact? • Isn’t the universe billions of years old?

4. Resources for further study: • Answers in Genesis • Institute for Creation Research • Dr. Don Patton - youtube

5. Tonight’s Outline 1. Biblical view of Creation 2. Origin of the Universe 3. How old is the Universe/Earth (radio isotope dating) 4. Origin of Life (may not finish today)

6. 1. What does the Bible Say? “In the Beginning God created the heavens and the earth” - Genesis 1:1 If I trust God to tell me the future through the Bible, why is it hard to trust him to tell me the past?

7. Jesus the Creator • Colossians 1:15-17 "He is the image of the invisible God, the firstborn over all creation. For by Him all things were created, {both} in the heavens and on earth, visible and invisible, whether thrones or dominions or rulers or authorities – all things have been created by Him and for Him. And He is before all things, and in Him all things hold together.“ • John 1:1-3 "In the beginning was the Word, and the Word was with God, and the Word was God. He was in the beginning with God. All things came into being through Him, and apart from Him nothing came into being that has come into being.“ • Hebrews 1:2 "in these last days {God} has spoken to us in {His} Son, whom He appointed heir of all things, through whom also He made the world."

8. The Angel of the Lord appeared twice to Hagar (Genesis 16:7-14; Genesis 21:17-18), once to Abraham (Genesis 22:11-13) Balaam (Numbers 22:22-35), Gideon (Judges 6:11-22), Manoah and his wife (Judges 13:3-22). He was present at the judgment on Israel after David's numbering of the people (2 Samuel 24:16), He was the agent of destruction to Sennacherib's army (2 Kings 19:35-36; Isaiah 37:36-37). In a vision, Zechariah saw Him as judging between Joshua the high priest of Israel and Satan their accuser (Zechariah 3:1), the One who intervened on behalf of Israel's restoration after their seventy years of captivity (Zechariah 1:12). The Psalmist referred to Him as the deliverer of His people and the antagonist of their enemies (Psalm 34:7; 35:5-6). Joshua and the Battle of Jericho Moses? Burning Bush? Garden of Eden? Theophanies

9. Miracles of the Creator • Water into Wine • Walking on Water • Healing a Blind Man • Calming the Storm • Feeding the 5,000 and 4,000 • Healing a Leper • The Great Catch of Fish

10. What does the Bible Say? • God created in six days “Yom” • Evening and Morning first Day • “Yom” always means “day” (1,000 times) • Exodus 20:9–11 blocks all attempts to fit millions of years into Genesis 1 “For in six days the Lord made the heavens and the earth, the sea, and all that is in them, and rested the seventh day. Therefore the Lord blessed the Sabbath day and hallowed it.” • The genealogies of Genesis 5 and 11 make it clear that the creation days happened only about 6,000 years ago • “After his kind” – 17 times Genesis 1:11, 12, 21, 24, 25; 6:20; 7:14

12. 2. What does the World say?(origins of the universe) Video

13. From the video • 1. There are problems with the Big Bang theory • 2. There is a new theory emerging that requires eternity • 3. The only way their equations work is if they combine a beginning (a singularity) with something that is eternal

14. The Big Bang? In the beginning, everything in existence is thought to have occupied a single infinitely dense point, or singularity. Only after this point began to expand in a "Big Bang" did the universe officially begin. • Where did the ball of energy come from? • What caused it to explode?

15. http://phys.org/news/2015-02-big-quantum-equation-universe.htmlhttp://phys.org/news/2015-02-big-quantum-equation-universe.html

16. 3. How old is the Universe? https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Ncxikycht_U&ebc=ANyPxKrDcJCao0kBbkTZoyTPvz2NiJ6fRg-ufnXywjMwK_xWI3HZyYjwq6dLDCqaYa4i_WwtlYJANGw4zHFKKxuvhApFiF_Zrw

17. Intelligent Design v. Evolution? Using radioactive dating, scientists have determined that the Earth is about 4.5 billion years old, ancient enough for all species to have been formed through evolution. • Biology: Visualizing Life, Holt, Rinehart, and Winston, Austin, Texas, 1998, 177. The earth is now regarded as between 4.5 and 4.6 billion years old • C. Plummer, D. Carlson, and D. McGeary, Physical Geology, McGraw Hill, New York, 2006, 216. Evolution (if possible) would require infinite amounts of time

18. Radioisotope dating (Non-Living) Three critical assumptions can affect the results during radioisotope dating: • The initial conditions of the rock sample are accurately known. (How much sand was in the hour glass?) • The amount of parent or daughter elements in a sample has not been altered by processes other than radioactive decay. (Has any sand been taken out of the hourglass?) • The decay rate (or half-life) of the parent isotope has remained constant since the rock was formed. (Does the sand always fall at a constant rate?) • Ice Water / Hour Glass analogy

19. Dating Errors • A rock sample from the newly formed 1986 lava dome from Mount St. Helens was dated using Potassium-Argon dating. The newly formed rock gave ages for the different minerals in it of between 0.5 and 2.8 million years.4 These dates show that significant argon (daughter element) was present when the rock solidified • Mount Ngauruhoe is located on the North Island of New Zealand and is one of the country’s most active volcanoes. Eleven samples were taken from solidified lava and dated. These rocks are known to have formed from eruptions in 1949, 1954, and 1975. The rock samples were sent to a respected commercial laboratory (Geochron Laboratories in Cambridge, Massachusetts). The “ages” of the rocks ranged from 0.27 to 3.5 million years old.5 .

20. More Problems…

22. Many Earth Clocks Indicate Recent Creation The Sea Does Not Have Enough Minerals There is not enough salt in the sea or mud on the sea floor for the seas to be billions of years old. Every year, salt accumulates in the ocean from rivers. Given the present rate it is increasing per year, the current 3.5 percent ocean salinity is much too low if this process has been going on for a very long time. Mud enters the seas through rivers and dust storms. This occurs at much faster rates than plate tectonic subduction can remove it. Each year, 19 billion tons of mud accumulates. If the oceans were ancient, the oceans would be choked with sediment dozens of kilometers deep. Minerals Have Too Much Helium The shiny black specks in granite are mica. Within mica are natural zircon crystals, only a few microns in size. Helium quickly diffuses out of zircon. If the granite is millions of years old, as commonly believed, all the helium should be gone. However, measurements indicate that much of the helium still remains. Either the diffusion rate of the helium is not uniform, the zircon crystals are younger than believed, or both. Helium in granite is evidence that the earth is thousands of years old, not millions. Diamonds and Strata Have Too Much Carbon 14 Natural diamonds are believed to have been formed deep underground in the upper mantle of the earth’s crust. Under extreme temperature and pressure, pure carbon is formed into the diamond’s crystalline form. Over time, the diamond is moved upwards by rising magma. Natural diamonds are commonly believed to have been formed millions of years ago. If the rate carbon 14 decays has been consistent, any carbon 14 older than 100,000 years is undetectable by current measuring techniques. But carbon 14 has been measured within natural diamonds. Either the decay rate of carbon 14 is not uniform, the diamonds are younger than believed, or both. Carbon 14 in diamonds is evidence that the earth is thousands of years old, not millions.

23. Math on Population Growth Assumed grows 250% every 150 years from Noah • If the earth’s population doubled every 300 years, the earth would be less than 10,000 years old, in reality, in 200 years it increased 6X

24. Cheater answerS Was the Earth created aged? Was Adam created as a baby?

26. 4. Origins of Life

27. Four theories on origins of life 1. God Created 2. It Happened Spontaneously 3. God directed Evolution (hybrid) 4. We’ve been seeded

28. Origins of Evolution • So with animals, some spring from parent animals according to their kind, whilst others grow spontaneously and not from kindred stock; and of these instances of spontaneous generation some come from putrefying earth or vegetable matter, as is the case with a number of insects, while others are spontaneously generated in the inside of animals out of the secretions of their several organs —Aristotle, History of Animals, Book V, Part 1 • Shakespeare discusses snakes and crocodiles forming from the mud of the Nile (Ant 2.7 F1)

29. Origins of Life: Spontaneous Generation History • In 1668, Francesco Redi challenged the idea that maggots arose spontaneously from rotting meat. • In 1745, John Needham performed a series of experiments on boiled broths. Believing that boiling would kill all living things, he showed that when sealed right after boiling, the broths would cloud, allowing the belief in spontaneous generation to persist. • Louis Pasteur's 1859 experiment put the question to rest. He boiled a meat broth in a flask that had a long neck which curved downward, like a goose. The idea being that the bend in the neck prevented any particles from reaching the broth, while still allowing the free flow of air. The flask remained free of growth for an extended period. When the flask was turned so that particles could fall down the bends, the broth became quickly clouded.

30. From Wikipedia: • Spontaneous generation or equivocal generation is an obsolete principle regarding the origin of life from inanimate matter • It is generally accepted to have been ultimately disproven in the 19th century by the experiments of Louis Pasteur, expanding upon the experiments of other scientists before him. • However, the question of abiogenesis, how living things originally arose from non-living material, remains relevant today. (how biological life could arise from inorganic matter through natural processes.) http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spontaneous_generation

31. Primordial Soup No geological evidence has ever been found for a primordial soup1 —and scientists speculate that if it ever did exist, it would have dissipated quickly 2—leaving scant time for life to appear. The only experimental evidence cited in 80+ years for a primordial soup is the Miller-Urey experiment in 1953, which demonstrated that elementary amino acids (building blocks of protein) could form spontaneously in what was assumed to be the atmosphere of the primordial Earth. Biology textbooks feature this experiment; but modern science believes the simulated atmosphere in the Miller-Urey experiment was incorrect.3 Similar experiments with a more realistic atmosphere have not been as successful (and/or have utilized so much operator interference that their validity is questioned).4 More recent experiments by chemists Jeffrey Bada and Jim Cleaves at Scripps Institution of Oceanography (in La Jolla, CA) were similar to those performed by Miller. However, Bada noted that in current models of early Earth conditions, carbon dioxide and nitrogen (N2) create nitrites, which destroy amino acids as fast as they form.

32. Problem with Evolution - Complexity • “The design of living things has always been a huge problem for evolutionists. Even the simplest single-cell organism is unimaginably complex, with scores of highly sophisticated parts, all performing important functions and all mutually interdependent. The laws of statistics have convinced all who have bothered to calculate the odds that even something as basic as a protein molecule could never arise by chance, consisting as it does of a chain of hundreds of precisely arranged amino acids.” (HONDA CIVIC ANALOGY) http://www.icr.org/article/biggest-problems-for-evolution/ Reproduction with male/female, fire farting beetle, diversity of species (why not just one microbe), the simple sell ain’t simple, Human genome has more info than any computer can hold, etc.

33. Problems with evolution 1. Why is there a diversity of species? 2. If things go from more complex to less complex, how is it possible for evolution to go from less complex to more complex? 3. Reproduction

34. 1987 study established Mitochondrial Eve

35. Questions/Appendix

36. The Singularity? Ali and coauthor Saurya Das at the University of Lethbridge in Alberta, Canada, have shown in a paper published in Physics Letters B that the Big Bang singularity can be resolved by their new model in which the universe has no beginning and no end. http://phys.org/news/2015-02-big-quantum-equation-universe.html#jCp

37. Debate, at one time, wasn’t if it was millions of years, but why it took 6 days, not 1

38. How Carbon 14 works (Living) Carbon 14 works for once living organisms and diamonds, not rocks. Once a living thing dies, the dating process begins. As long as an organism is alive it will continue to take in C14; however, when it dies, it will stop. Since C14 is radioactive (decays into N14), the amount of C14 in a dead organism gets less and less over time. http://www.answersingenesis.org/articles/nab/does-c14-disprove-the-bible Carbon-14 dating is a way of determining the age of certain archeological artifacts of a biological origin up to about 50,000 years old. www.howstuffworks.com N14 50% N14, 50% C14 6K old 75% N14, 25% C14 12K old 87% N14, 13% C14 18K old 100% N14, 0% C14 100K old C14 N14 N14 N14 C14 C14

39. Difficulties with Carbon 14 In order to actually do the dating, other things need to be known. Three such things include the following questions: • How fast does C14 decay? (known) • What was the starting amount of C14 in the creature when it died? (assumption) • Has the ratio of C14 to C12 in the atmosphere always been the same as it is today? (wrong assumption)