Modeling of Ammonia and PM 2.5 Concentrations Associated with Emissions from Agriculture

1. Modeling of Ammonia and PM2.5 Concentrations Associated with Emissions from Agriculture Megan Gore, D.Q. Tong, V.P. Aneja, and M. Houyoux Department of Marine, Earth & Atmospheric Sciences North Carolina State University Raleigh, NC 27695 7th Annual CMAS Conference October 6-8, 2008

2. Outline • Introduction – Ammonia in North Carolina (NC) • Model Configuration • Preliminary Results • O3, NH3,PM2.5, NH4+ • Conclusions • Future Work NH3

3. Why do we care about Ammonia? Elevated levels of NHx (=NH3 + NH4+) can lead to: • Nitrogen enrichment and eutrophication in aquatic ecosystems • Impacts on crop and forest production • Particulate matter (PM) formation • Visibility degradation • Odor

4. Nitrogen Emissions in N.C. • NH3 Agricultural Sources • Total ~ 40% of Nitrogen • 138,843 NH3 tons/yr • Swine 68,540 (49%) • Cattle 24,952 (18%) • Broilers 13,669 (10%) • Turkeys 16,486 (12%) • Fertilizer 8,720 (6%) • Other 6,476 (5%) • (Aneja et al., 1998)

5. Hog Farms in N.C.

6. Ammonia Atmospheric Chemistry Atmospheric Reactions: • NH3(aq) + H20 NH4OH(aq) • NH3(g) + H2SO4(aq) NH4HSO4(aq) • NH3(g) + NH4HSO4(aq) [NH4]2SO4(s or aq) • NH3(g) + HNO3(g) NH4NO3(s or aq) • NH3(g) + HCl(g) NH4Cl(s or aq) • NH3(g) + OH·(g) N·H2(g) + H2O(g)

7. Model Configuration • Model: Community Multi-Scale Air Quality (CMAQ)Model • Episode: January 1 – December 31, 2002 • Domain: Continental U.S., N. Mexico, S. Canada 36 km, 24 layers • Meteorology: MM5 - Pleim-Xiu Land Surface module on • Emissions: 2002 National Emissions Inventory • I/B Conditions: MOZART-2 for lateral BC • Gas-phase mechanism: Carbon Bond (CB05) • Aerosol module: AE4

8. space Preliminary Results Ozone January Base Run – Ozone Monthly Average January Reduced Run* – Ozone Monthly Average ppbv *Reduced Run – NH3 Emissions turned off

9. Preliminary Results Ozone July Base Run – Ozone Monthly Average July Reduced Run* – Ozone Monthly Average ppbv *Reduced Run – NH3 Emissions turned off

10. Preliminary Results – NH3 January Base Run – NH3 Monthly Average January Reduced Run* – NH3 Monthly Average ppbv *Reduced Run – NH3 Emissions turned off

11. Preliminary Results – NH3 July Base Run – NH3 Monthly Average July Reduced Run* – NH3 Monthly Average ppbv *Reduced Run – NH3 Emissions turned off

12. Preliminary Results PM2.5 January Base Run – PM2.5 Monthly Average January Reduced Run* – PM2.5 Monthly Average *Reduced Run – NH3 Emissions turned off

13. Preliminary Results PM2.5 Base Run – January 2002, NC Monthly Average

14. Preliminary Results PM2.5 Reduced Run – January 2002, NC Monthly Average

15. Preliminary Results PM2.5 July Base Run – PM2.5 Monthly Average July Reduced Run* – PM2.5 Monthly Average *Reduced Run – NH3 Emissions turned off

16. Preliminary Results PM2.5 Base Run – July 2002, NC Monthly Average

17. Preliminary Results PM2.5 Reduced Run – July 2002, NC Monthly Average

18. Preliminary Results–NH4+ Aerosol January Base Run – NH4+ Monthly Average January Reduced Run – NH4+ Monthly Average *Reduced Run – NH3 Emissions turned off

19. Preliminary Results–NH4+ Aerosol July Base Run – NH4+ Monthly Average July Reduced Run – NH4+ Monthly Average *Reduced Run – NH3 Emissions turned off

20. Conclusions • Agricultural NH3 emissions have a significant impact on PM2.5 and NH4 aerosol predicted concentrations

21. Future Work • Additional model runs turning off emissions from the various agricultural sectors • Evaluate the effect of ammonia emissions of aerosol composition • Model evaluation using observed values of pollutants • Meteorological analysis

22. Acknowledgements • USDA • USEPA • NCSU Air Quality Research Group

23. Atmospheric emissions, transport,transformation & deposition of trace gases *Indirect deposition is direct deposition to land followed by runoff or seepage through groundwater to a surface water body.

24. Preliminary Results Ozone Base Run – January 2002, NC Monthly Average ppbv

25. Preliminary Results Ozone Reduced Run – January 2002, NC Monthly Average ppbv

26. Preliminary Results Ozone Difference Between Base Run and Reduced Run January 2002, NC - Monthly Average ppbv

27. Preliminary Results Ozone Base Run – July 2002, NC Monthly Average ppbv

28. Preliminary Results Ozone Reduced Run – July 2002, NC Monthly Average

29. Preliminary Results Ozone Difference Between Base Run and Reduced Run January 2002, NC - Monthly Average ppbv

30. Preliminary Results – NH3 Base Run – January 2002, NC Monthly Average ppbv

31. Preliminary Results – NH3 Reduced Run – January 2002, NC Monthly Average

32. Preliminary Results – NH3 Difference Between Base Run and Reduced Run January 2002, NC - Monthly Average ppbv

33. Preliminary Results – NH3 Base Run – July 2002, NC Monthly Average ppbv

34. Preliminary Results – NH3 Reduced Run – July 2002, NC Monthly Average

35. Preliminary Results – NH3 Difference Between Base Run and Reduced Run July 2002, NC - Monthly Average ppbv

36. Preliminary Results PM2.5 Difference Between Base Run and Reduced Run January 2002, NC - Monthly Average

37. Preliminary Results PM2.5 Difference Between Base Run and Reduced Run July 2002, NC - Monthly Average

38. Preliminary Results–NH4+ Aerosol Base Run – January 2002, NC Monthly Average

39. Preliminary Results–NH4+ Aerosol Reduced Run – January 2002, NC Monthly Average

40. Preliminary Results–NH4+ Aerosol Difference Between Base Run and Reduced Run January 2002, NC - Monthly Average

41. Preliminary Results–NH4+ Aerosol Base Run – July 2002, NC Monthly Average

42. Preliminary Results–NH4+ Aerosol Reduced Run – July 2002, NC Monthly Average

43. Preliminary Results–NH4+ Aerosol Difference Between Base Run and Reduced Run July 2002, NC - Monthly Average