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Appendix A Hardware Appendix B Software

Appendix A Hardware Appendix B Software. Stuff for class. Case is $80,000 enough on web. Is This Enough Money?. Is the $80,000 question a credible problem? What happens if you answer the $80,000 question incorrectly? What kind of reputation are you building for yourself

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Appendix A Hardware Appendix B Software

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  1. Appendix A HardwareAppendix B Software

  2. Stuff for class • Case is $80,000 enough on web

  3. Is This Enough Money? • Is the $80,000 question a credible problem? • What happens if you answer the $80,000 question incorrectly? • What kind of reputation are you building for yourself • Whom do you think you are competing against • As we go through this chapter what questions might you ask to answer the $80,000 question correctly

  4. six major roles and goals of IT • 1. Increase employee productivity by reducing time, errors and costs using • 2. Enhance decision making • 3. Improve team collaboration • 4. Create business partnerships and alliances • 5. Enable global reach all over the world taking into consideration the culture of each nation or society. • 6. Facilitate organizational transformation as the organization evolves and responds to the ever-changing marketplace.

  5. Computer Hardware Output Device Monitor Input Device Keyboard Processing Device The System Unit

  6. Input Devices – Text and Pointing

  7. Input Needs and Devices

  8. Processing Processing The role of processing in a computer system is to translate inputs into outputs. This is done through a combination of language and system components Language Computers speak a language called binary or “machine language” which consists of 0s & 1s System Unit The physical box that houses all of the working electronic components of the computer

  9. Processing – Language • Binary or Machine Language • The language that all computers use • IT is expressed in 0s or 1s only (see below) • Binary utilizes Base-2 math to convert from normal characters to binary code (e.g. A = 0100 0001 in binary) Binary Example How a Computer Uses it A = 0100 0001 Byte (8 bits) Makes up one character Bit A single 0 or 1

  10. Processing – The System Unit The System Unit The physical box that houses all of the working electronic components of the computer • Components • Support – electronic equipment to run the machine • Central Processing Unit (CPU) – the primary processor in a computer • Primary Storage – temporary and permanent storage used by the computer to operate • Secondary Storage – longer-term storage for data • Ports and Slots – mechanisms to connect devices and specialty processors

  11. Processing – Mother Board • Motherboard • Central Processing Unit (CPU) • RAM and ROM • Secondary Storage Devices (e.g. hard drive) • Slots - connecting specialty processors • Ports - connecting input/output devices

  12. Processing – Central Processing Unit • Central Processing Unit (CPU) • Called the “brains of the computer”, its role is to perform the operations of the computer using two components: • Control Unit – this device interprets instructions and transmits direction to the computer’s components • Arithmetic Logic Unit – this device performs math as well as logical operations by interpreting and executing instructions

  13. Processing – Central Processing Unit Moore’s Law (1970s) Dr. Gordon Moore from Intel hypothesized that processing performance would double every 18 months CPU Processing Intel Pentium IV CPU packs 55 million transistors

  14. Processing – Primary Storage Primary Storage This storage is used for temporary storage to support computer processing and comes in RAM and ROM types Random Access Memory (RAM) Read-Only Memory (ROM) Electrically Erasable Programmable Read-Only Memory (EEPROM or also called Flash Memory)

  15. Processing – Secondary Storage Secondary Storage This nonvolatile storage is used to permanently storeinformation and is not part of the CPU but is connected through the system bus. It comes in many types: • Hard Drives • Diskettes • Magnetic Tape • Optical Disk • Magneto-Optical (MO) • Compact Disk (CD) • Digital Video Disk (DVD

  16. Processing – Ports and Slots These are devices used to provide hardware interfaces – plugs and sockets - to connect devices to computers and components to provide a fully functional computer

  17. Output Devices • Video • A visual display of data that supports motion using a monitor (monochrome or colour)coming in two types: • Cathode Ray Tube (CRT) • Liquid Crystal Display (LCD • Projection – A device that projects a picture onto a screen CRT LCD

  18. Output Devices • Printers and Plotters • A visual display that is presented on hard copy (e.g. paper) • Dot Matrix – • Ink-jet – • Laser Audio

  19. Supercomputers Microcomputers Types of Computers Mainframe Computers Workstations Midrange Computers

  20. 1 laptop per child Types of Computers – Microcomputers Personal Computers Notebook Network Computers Handheld Computer http://www.microsoft.com/uk/windowsmobile/business/videocasestudies.mspx Tablet PChttp://pergatory.mit.edu/robotworld/multimedia/index.html

  21. Classes of Software System Software The collection of programs that control the basic functions of computer hardware Application Software Programs that let the user perform a specific task or operation by interacting with the system software Development Languages and Environments Automated software tools used by system developers to design and implement information systems

  22. System Software – a.k.a. Operating Systems • Common Functions • Booting or (starting) the computer • Reading programs into memory and managing memory allocation • Managing where programs and files are located in secondary storage • Maintaining the structure of directories and subdirectories • Formatting disks • Controlling the computer monitor • Sending documents to the printer

  23. Operating System – Interfaces Interfaces After boot up, the computer provides an interface for the user or programmer to interact with it. Different operating systems use different types • Common Interface Type • Command-based interface– • Menu interface – • Graphical user interface (GUI)

  24. Common Operating Systems

  25. Operating Systems - Utilities Utilities: Programs that manage computer resources and files andmay be included in the operating system or purchased separately as needed

  26. Application Software Application Software This software performs specific user functions (e.g. e-mail) • Customized Application Software • Software that is developed to meet the specification of an organization. This can be developed “in-house” by IS staff or by an outside vendor. Advantages include: • Customizability – tailored to meet specific needs • Problem specificity – pay for only those functions that are developed for and used by the organization Off-the-Shelf Software Packaged software developed by a vendor for a particular problem or industry but is not specific to an organization. This is a lower cost approach that may be combined with custom development to tailor it

  27. Types of Application Software Types of Application Software Application software come in two types for use by organizations: 1) large business systems and office automation; 2) personal productivity tools • Business Systems • These large systems support enterprise-wide operations such as: • Accounting -A/P, A/R, general ledger, payroll • Operations - inventory management, order processing, shipping, etc. • Personal Productivity • Used by individuals or groups to support a variety of common tasks such as: • Communication – e-mail, word processing • Scheduling – group calendars • Analysis - spreadsheets

  28. Open Source Software Open Source A special class of software that includes operating systems, application software, and programming languages in which the source code (the actual program code) is freely available to the general public for use and/or modification • Popular Open Source Applications • A number of mainstream open source applications can be found across many organizations. Here are just a few: • Operating systems – Linux • Web browsers – Mozilla • Web servers – Apache • E-mail processing – Sendmail • Internet domain naming service – BIND • Secure connection standard - OpenSSL

  29. Compilers, Languages, and Environments Compilers and Interpreters Software designed to translate programming languages into machine code or binary in order to allow the computer to execute the program instructions Programming Languages Languages used to write program instructions that have evolved from early “machine language” to higher-level languages that are easier to write and understand Automated Development Environments Automated software tools used by systems developers to design and implement information systems and increase quality and productivity

  30. Compilers and Interpreters Compilers These highly-specialized software applications are used to convert program instructions (source code) into the machine code (object code) prior to being loaded into a computer’s secondary storage ( entire program ) Compiler Example

  31. Compilers and Interpreters Interpreter These specialized software applications are similar to compilers but instead of translating the source code to machine language prior to loading, it reads, translates, and executes one line of source code at a time during operation ( one line at a time ) Interpreter Example

  32. Programming Languages - Generations Programming Languages These languages are used to write program instructions and have evolved over time making them more powerful, easier to read and write, and more natural language-focused Generations of Programming Languages mid 1950s 1940s 1950s 1970s 1990s 1st Machine Binary 2nd Symbolic Use of symbols 3rd High-Level Use English like words for procedures 4th Outcome Oriented Use outcome focused words 5th Artificial Intelligence Natural language (spoken English)

  33. Popular Programming Languages

  34. Programming Languages – More Recent High-Level Object-Oriented Programming (OOP) These languages allow programmers to group data and program instructions together into modules (objects) that can be manipulated by a programmer (e.g Java or C++). Visual Languages These languages take advantage of graphical user interfaces (GUIs) allowing additions of visual objects (e.g. buttons) with a few clicks versus coding the object pixel by pixel

  35. Programming Languages – Web Development Web Development Languages These languages are used to develop Web pages and operations using both static and dynamic content Hypertext Markup Language (HTML) Extensible Markup Language (XML) Dynamic Content Markup languages are used for laying out or formatting content, while dynamic languages are needed to provide animation or dynamic (changing) content • Dynamic Languages • Several languages are available for creating dynamic content such as: • Java– • ActiveX – • Scripting Languages (JavaScript) –

  36. Get me the Geeks Is This Enough Money? • What is the money supposed to cover • Hardware • Software • PC for employees or servers and networks and other infrastructure • Type of work employees do • Is existing equipment sufficient for anticipated workload ( who do I involve in decision ) • Types of hardware, software etc

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