Instructional Focus Document Notes Grade 8/Social Studies

1. Instructional Focus Document NotesGrade 8/Social Studies UNIT: 11 TITLE: Sectionalism and Civil War Part 1: Sectionalism

2. Three Sectional Leaders • While conflict between political parties declined, disputes between different sections of the nation sharpened. • In Congress, three men would play major roles in politics for the next 30 years. Each of the three represented one of the three different regions of the country

3. John C. Calhoun spoke for the South • He supported the War of 1812 • He was a firm defender of Slavery. Like many Southerners he saw slavery as necessary for labor, and therefore an economic issue • He opposed any policy that would strengthen the federal government • He claimed that state governments should have the right to reject federal laws

4. Daniel Webster spoke for the North • He opposed the War of 1812 • Wanted the federal government to take a larger role in building the nation’s economy • He opposed slavery and thought it was evil

5. Henry Clay spoke for the West • Was the leader of the War hawks and therefore supported the War of 1812 • Favored a more active role for the federal government in promoting the country’s growth

6. Sectionalism • The country had become divided with Sectionalism. • Sectionalism is loyalty to One’s State or local region, rather than to the nation. • Sectionalism had led to early conflict in the United States with the issue of States Rights and the Nullification Crisis.

7. Missouri Compromise • Both the North and the South had a balance in Congress with 11 free states and 11 slave states • Missouri wanted to be admitted into the United States as a slave state which would upset the balance • Henry Clay suggested admitting Missouri as slave state, but at the same time, admit the territory of Maine as a free state

8. Missouri Compromise • This would keep the balance in Congress and it became known as the Missouri Compromise • Congress drew a line across Missouri’s southern border and prohibited slavery above the border

9. Missouri Compromise

10. Slavery in the Territories • Northerners did not want slavery to extend into any of the western territories and tried to get the Wilmot Proviso passed through Congress which would have banned slavery in all the territories, but it did not pass the Senate • Bother Northerners and Southerners argued over the issue of slavery in the west

11. Slavery in the Territories • Some moderates suggested extending the Missouri Compromise line all the way to the Pacific Ocean • Others suggested that people living in the territories could vote for themselves whether or not to allow slavery • A new political party called the Free Soil party was formed to keep slavery out of the West

12. California • When California applied for statehood, there were 15 slave states and 15 free states. • California wanted to be admitted as a free state and this would upset the balance

13. California • Southerners feared that if California were to enter the United States as a free state, then all of the western territories would be admitted as free states and the South would be hopelessly outnumbered in Congress • Some extremists even hinted that the South should consider secession as an option

14. The Great Compromiser • Henry Clay had been nicknamed the Great Compromiser for working out numerous compromises to keep the North and the South happy • Clay wanted to find a permanent solution or he feared the Nation could be torn apart • Henry Clay helped reduce sectional conflict through legislation

15. Clay vs. Calhoun • John C Calhoun refused to compromise on any issue. • He insisted that slavery be allowed in the West and furthermore, runaway slaves that had escaped to the North should be returned

16. Compromise of 1850 • Henry Clay came up with the Compromise of 1850, but he had become ill and Stephen Douglas of Illinois helped push it through Congress

17. Compromise of 1850 • The Compromise of 1850 had 5 parts • 1. California would be admitted as a free state • 2. The rest of the western territories would use popular sovereignty and decide for themselves whether to have slavery • 3. The slave trade was outlawed in Washington D.C. • 4. A strict fugitive slave law would be enforced • 5. A border dispute between Texas and New Mexico was settled

18. Compromise of 1850

19. Fugitive Slave Act • The Fugitive Slave Act part of the Compromise required that all runaway slaves who had escaped to the North would be returned to slavery in the South

20. Uncle Tom’s Cabin • In 1852, Harriet Beecher Stowe, a woman from New England wrote the novel Uncle Tom’s Cabin which told the story of a slave’s brutal treatment at the hands of a slave owner

21. Uncle Tom’s Cabin • The book was extremely popular in the North and helped to boost the Abolitionist Movement • Southerners felt the book was unfair propaganda • The book increased tension between Northerners and Southerners

22. Kansas-Nebraska Act • Stephen Douglas introduced a bill that would divide the Kansas-Nebraska territory into two territories : Kansas and Nebraska

23. Kansas-Nebraska Act • Stephen Douglas proposed that Popular Sovereignty be used to decide the slavery issue • Both pro-slavery and anti-slavery forces flooded the Kansas territory with settlers hoping to cast their vote

24. Bleeding Kansas • Both elected their own governments and violence soon erupted • Kansas Became known as “Bleeding Kansas” as armed gangs from both camps clashed in numerous attacks across the Kansas territory

25. Bleeding Kansas • John Brown led a gang of abolitionists. He said it was God’s will that he punish all slave holders. He murdered several pro-slavery people resulting in retaliations and more violence

26. Dred Scott vs. Sanford • Dred Scott was enslaved to a slave owner who had moved to the free territory of Wisconsin • After they moved back to Missouri, Scott’s owner had died. Lawyers for Scott argued that since Scott had lived in the free territory, for several years, he should be legally free

27. Dred Scott vs. Sanford • In the case of Dred Scott vs. Sanford, the U.S. Supreme Court ruled that since Scott was a slave (property) and therefore not a citizen, he could not file a case • The Court further ruled that Congress did not have the power to outlaw slavery in any of the territories • Congress responded by saying slavery should not exist anywhere in the United States

28. The Republican Party Emerges • In 1854 in Michigan, a group of Free Soilers, Whigs, and former Democrats met to form a new political party that would take a stronger stance against the spread of slavery • They formed the Republican Party

29. Lincoln/Douglas Debates • Abraham Lincoln ran on the new Republican ticket for the office seat of Senator from Illinois • Running for re-election for the same seat on the Democrat ticket was Stephen Douglas

30. Lincoln/Douglas Debates • Lincoln challenged the very popular Stephen Douglas to a series of debates to be held across the state of Illinois • People and Newspapers from all over came to these public debates

31. Lincoln/Douglas Debates • Lincoln argued that slavery should not be allowed at all in the Western territories • Douglas said that the issue of slavery in the Western territories should be decided by Popular Sovereignty

32. Lincoln/Douglas Debates • Stephen Douglas barely won his re-election • Lincoln, however, became well known across the country because he was very good at speaking to large groups of people and he delivered many memorable speeches

33. John Brown’s raid at Harpers Ferry • The radical abolitionist John Brown plotted to raid a federal arsenal in Harpers Ferry Virginia for weapons to be used in a slave revolt that he would lead • Brown managed to capture the arsenal, but he himself was later captured by the federal army

34. John Brown’s Trial • The trial of John Brown became a media event. • Throughout the trial, John Brown carried himself with a calm demeanor and behaved with dignity even after he was sentenced to death

35. John Brown’s Trial • John Brown quickly gained many admirers in the North and after his execution, he became a martyr

36. Part 2: Civil War (1861-1865)

37. Lincoln is Elected • Lincoln was chosen by the Republican Party to run for President in the election of 1860 • The Democrats were split between Northern Democrats and Southern Democrats

38. Lincoln is Elected • Stephen Douglas ran on the ticket for the Northern Democrats while John Breckinridge ran on the ticket for the Southern Democrats • Southerners knew that if a Republican won, slavery would be finished in the West

39. Lincoln is Elected • Lincoln’s name was even kept off the ballot in 10 Southern states • The Northerners outnumbered the Southerners, however, and Lincoln won the Presidency

40. Lincoln is Elected • Many Southerners now felt that the new President and Congress were against the interests of the South • They felt that an abolitionist was now in the White House

41. Secession • Southern states felt they had no choice left but to secede from the Union. On Dec. 20, 1860, South Carolina became the first state to secede. By February, Alabama, Georgia, Florida, Louisiana, Texas, and Mississippi also seceded

42. Secession • Lincoln faced a very dangerous situation when he took office. He warned that no state had the right to leave the Union, calling it illegal. He stated that there would be NO civil war, however, unless the South started one • …..“In YOUR hands my dissatisfied fellow countrymen and not in MINE is the momentous issue of civil war”……..

43. Fort Sumter • Fort Sumter was a federal fort located within the borders of South Carolina. • Since South Carolina was no longer a part of the United States, they felt the fort now belonged to them. • They demanded that Fort Sumter surrender

44. Fort Sumter • When Major Robert Anderson refused to surrender Ft. Sumter to South Carolina, the confederates fired upon the fort • These were the first shots of the Civil War

45. North=UNION 91% Factory production 71% Total population 71% Railroads 75% Farmland 4% Cotton production 189 million in bank deposits 56 million in gold Large navy and trading fleet Poor military leaders South=CONFEDERACY 9% Factory production 29% Total population 29% Railroads 25% Farmland 96% Cotton production 47 million in bank deposits 27 million in gold Small navy and trading fleet Strong military leaders Differences between the North and South

46. Civil War Leaders • Jefferson Davis became the President of the Confederacy. Davis was widely respected as a leader, however, he often worried about small matters and spent much time arguing with advisors

47. Civil War Leaders • Lincoln at first had people worrying about his inexperience and abilities to be an effective leader, but he very quickly proved to be a strong leader and a good war planner. He gained the respect of his advisors

48. Civil War Leaders • Lincoln knew that the obvious choice for commander of the Union Army was Robert E. Lee • Lee was considered by many to be the greatest military generals ever

49. Civil War Leaders • When Lincoln asked Lee to take command of the army of the Potomac (The main army of the United States), Lee declined • Lee stated that he could not go against his home state of Virginia

50. Battle of Bull Run • Many Northerners expected a quick and easy victory for the Union because they knew that the Union army greatly outnumbered the Confederate army • Union troops strolled with confidence to meet the Confederate army at the small stream in Virginia known as Bull Run Creek. Many northern civilians accompanied the army hoping to see a great show.