Chapter 17

1. Chapter 17 The Foreign Exchange Market

2. Foreign Exchange I The price of one currency in terms of another is called the exchange rate (the number of domestic currency units (filses) needed to buy one unit of the foreign exchange, e.g. one dollar). It affects the economy and our daily lives, When the KWD dollar becomes more valuable relative to foreign currencies, foreign goods become cheaper for Kuwaitis and Kuwaiti goods become more expensive for foreigners. When the KWD falls in value, foreign goods become more expensive for Kuwaitis and Kuwaiti goods become cheaper for foreigners.

3. What Are ForeignExchange Rates? There are two kinds of exchange rate transactions. The spot transactions, involve the immediate (two-day) exchange of bank deposits. The spot exchange rate is the exchange rate for the spot transaction. Forward transactions involve the exchange of bank deposits at some specified future date. and the forward exchange rate is the exchange rate for the forward transaction.

4. Why Are ExchangeRates Important? Exchange rates are important because they affect the relative price of domestic and foreign goods. When a country’s currency appreciates, the country’s goods abroad become more expensive and foreign goods in that country become cheaper (holding domestic prices constant in the two countries). Conversely, when a country’s currency depreciates, its goods abroad become cheaper and foreign goods in that country become more expensive.

5. Exchange Rates in the Long Run Law of One Price If two countries produce an identical good, and transportation costs and trade barriers are very low, the price of the good should be the same throughout the world no matter which country produces it.

6. Theory of PurchasingPower Parity states that exchange rates between any two currencies will adjust to reflect changes in the price levels of the two countries. assuming that all goods are identical in both countries and that transportation costs and trade barriers are very low. The theory of PPP is simply an application of the law of one price to national price levels rather than to individual prices. PPP theory provides some guidance to the long-run movement of exchange rates, but it is not perfect and in the short run is a particularly poor predictor.

7. Factors That Affect ExchangeRates in the Long Run Relative Price Levels. In the long run, a rise in a country’s price level (relative to the foreign price level) causes its currency to depreciate, and a fall in the country’s relative price level causes its currency to appreciate. Trade Barriers. Increasing trade barriers cause a country’s currency to appreciate in the long run, and lower trade barriers cause a country’s currency to depreciate. Preferences for Domestic Versus Foreign Goods. Increased demand for a country’s exports causes its currency to appreciate in the long run; conversely, increased demand for imports causes the domestic currency to depreciate.

8. Factors That Affect ExchangeRates in the Long Run Productivity. In the long run, as a country becomes more productive relative to other countries, its currency appreciates, conversely when a country becomes less productive relative to other countries, its currency depreciates. The following table summarizes the factors that affect exchange rates in the long run.

9. Summary Table 1 Factors That Affect Exchange Rates in the Long Run

10. Exchange Rates in the Short Run: A Supply and Demand Analysis Comparing Expected Returns on Domestic and Foreign Deposits. The theory of asset demand suggests that the most important factor affecting the demand for domestic (dollar) deposits and foreign (euro) deposits is the expected return on these assets relative to each other. To understand how the demands for dollar and foreign deposits change, we need to compare the expected returns on dollar deposits and foreign deposits.

11. Exchange Rates in the Short Run: A Supply and Demand Analysis Comparing Expected Returns on Domestic and Foreign Deposits the expected return on dollar deposits RD in terms of foreign currency can be written as the sum of the interest rate on dollar deposits plus the expected appreciation of the dollar. the expected return on dollar deposits RD in terms of foreign currency can be written as the sum of the interest rate on dollar deposits plus the expected appreciation of the dollar: RD in terms of euros = iD + ((Eet+1–Et)/Et)

12. Exchange Rates in the Short Run: A Supply and Demand Analysis the relative expected return on dollar deposits (that is, the difference between the expected return on dollar deposits and euro deposits) is: Relative RD = iD - iF+ ((Eet+1–Et)/Et) the expected return on foreign deposits RF in terms of dollars is the interest rate on foreign deposits iF plus the expected appreciation of the foreign currency, equal to minus the expected appreciation of the dollar: RF in terms of dollars = iF - ((Eet+1–Et)/Et)

13. Exchange Rates in the Short Run: A Supply and Demand Analysis the relative expected return on dollar deposits is calculated by subtracting the expression just given from iD to obtain: Relative RD = iD – (iF- (Eet+1–Et)/Et) = = iD – iF+ (Eet+1–Et)/Et) Interest Parity Condition This condition can be rewritten as: = iD = iF- (Eet+1–Et)/Et) This equation is called the interest parity condition.

14. Exchange Rates in the Short Run: A Supply and Demand Analysis Equilibrium in the Foreign Exchange Market The intersection of the schedules for the expected return on dollar deposits RD and the expected return on euro deposits RF is where equilibrium occurs in the foreign exchange market; in other words, RD = RF At the equilibrium point B where the exchange rate E* is 1 euro per dollar, the interest parity condition is satisfied because the expected returns on dollar deposits and on euro deposits are equal.

15. Exchange Rates in the Short Run: A Supply and Demand Analysis Explaining Changes in Exchange Rates To explain how an exchange rate changes over time, we have to understand the factors that shift the expected-return schedules for domestic (dollar) deposits and foreign (euro) deposits.

16. Exchange Rates in the Short Run: A Supply and Demand Analysis

17. Exchange Rates in the Short Run: A Supply and Demand Analysis

18. FIGURE 3 Equilibrium in the Foreign Exchange Market

19. Explaining Changes in Exchange Rates Shifts in the demand for domestic assets Domestic interest rate Foreign interest rate Expected future exchange rate

20. FIGURE 4 Response to an Increase in the Domestic Interest Rate, iD

21. FIGURE 5 Response to an Increase in the Foreign Interest Rate, iF

22. FIGURE 6 Response to an Increase in the Expected Future ExchangeRate, Eet+1

23. Summary Table 2 Factors That Shift the Demand Curve for Domestic Assets and Affect the Exchange Rate

24. FIGURE 7 Effect of a Rise in the Domestic Interest Rate as a Result of an Increase in Expected Inflation

25. Application: Changes in the Equilibrium Exchange Rate Changes in Interest Rates When domestic real interest rates raise, the domestic currency appreciates. When domestic interest rates rise due to an expected increase in inflation, the domestic currency depreciates. Changes in the Money Supply A higher domestic money supply causes the domestic currency to depreciate.

26. Application: Changes in the Equilibrium Exchange Rate Exchange Rate Overshooting Monetary Neutrality In the long run, a one-time percentage rise in the money supply is matched by the same one-time percentage rise in the price level The exchange rate falls by more in the short run than in the long run Helps to explain why exchange rates exhibit so much volatility

27. FIGURE 8 Effect of a Rise in the Money Supply