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Middle America: A Diverse and Fragmented Realm

Explore the physical geography, cultural diversity, and colonial legacy of Middle America, including the Greater and Lesser Antilles, Mexico, and Central America. Learn about the influence of culture hearths such as the Mayans and Aztecs, the impact of colonialism on land and agriculture, and the distinction between the mainland and rimland regions. Discover the agricultural institutions of haciendas and plantations, and the socioeconomic dynamics they create.

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Middle America: A Diverse and Fragmented Realm

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  1. MIDDLE AMERICA I(chapter 4: 184-195)

  2. INTRODUCTION TO MIDDLE AMERICA • DEFINING THE REALM • MEXICO, CENTRAL AMERICA, CARIBBEAN ISLANDS • MAJOR GEOGRAPHIC QUALITIES • FRAGMENTED - PHYSICALLY AND POLITICALLY • DIVERSE CULTURALLY • POVERTY IS ENDEMIC

  3. REGIONS OF MIDDLE AMERICA Greater Antilles Mexico LesserAntilles Central America

  4. MIDDLE AMERICA

  5. PHYSICAL GEOGRAPHY • LAND BRIDGE • ARCHIPELAGO • GREATER AND LESSER ANTILLES • NATURAL HAZARDS • EARTHQUAKES • VOLCANOES • HURRICANES I wonder why?

  6. WORLD TECTONIC PLATES

  7. DISTRIBUTION OF EARTHQUAKES & VOLCANOES

  8. WORLD HURRICANE TRACKS

  9. CULTURE HEARTH • SOURCE AREAS FROM WHICH RADIATED IDEAS, INNOVATIONS, AND IDEOLOGIES THAT CHANGED THE WORLD BEYOND. MA HEARTHS AZTECS MAYANS

  10. MESOAMERICA • CULTURE HEARTHS • MAYA CIVILIZATION • 3000 BP • CLASSIC PERIOD 200-900 AD • HONDURAS, GUATEMALA, BELIZE, YUCATAN PENINSULA • THEOCRATIC STRUCTURE • AZTEC CIVILIZATION • 1300 AD • VALLEY OF MEXICO • TENOCHTITLAN (>100,000 PEOPLE)

  11. THE LEGACY OF COLONIALISM • LAND WAS APPROPRIATED - COLONIAL COMMERCIAL INTERESTS • LANDS DEVOTED TO FOOD CROPS FOR LOCAL CONSUMPTION WERE CONVERTEDTO CASH CROPPINGFOR EXPORT • LAND ALIENATIONINDUCES: • FAMINE • POVERTY • MIGRATION • LITTLE AGRICULTURAL DIVERSITY

  12. COLONIAL SPHERES

  13. MAINLAND/RIMLAND FRAMEWORK • MAINLAND • EURO-INDIAN INFLUENCE • GREATER ISOLATION • HACIENDA PREVAILED • RIMLAND • EURO-AFRICAN INFLUENCE • HIGH ACCESSIBILITY • PLANTATION ECONOMY

  14. MAINLAND – RIMLAND DISTINCTION

  15. MAINLAND vs RIMLAND MAINLAND RIMLAND LOCATION GREATER ISOLATION GREATER ACCESSIBILITY CLIMATE ALTITUDINAL TROPICAL ZONATION PHYSIOGRAPHYMOUNTAINS ISLANDS CULTURE EURO/INDIAN AFRICAN-EUROPEAN RACEMESTIZOMULATTO LANDHOLDING PATTERNS HACIENDAS PLANTATION

  16. HACIENDA vs PLANTATION • HACIENDA • SPANISH INSTITUTION • NOT EFFICIENT BUT SOCIAL PRESTIGE • WORKERS LIVED ON THE LAND • PLANTATION • NORTHERN EUROPEAN ORIGINS • EXPORT ORIENTED MONOCROPS • IMPORTED CAPITAL AND SKILLS • SEASONAL LABOR • EFFICIENCY IS KEY

  17. AGRICULTURAL INSTITUTIONS PLANTATION • PRODUCTION FOR EXPORT • SINGLE CASH CROP • SEASONAL EMPLOYMENT • PROFIT MOTIVE $$$ • MARKET VULNERABILITY

  18. AGRICULTURAL INSTITUTIONS PLANTATION HACIENDA • PRODUCTION FOR EXPORT • SINGLE CASH CROP • SEASONAL EMPLOYMENT • PROFIT MOTIVE $$$ • MARKET VULNERABILITY • DOMESTIC MARKET • DIVERSIFIED CROPS • YEAR ROUND JOBS • SMALL PLOT OF LAND • SELF-SUFFICIENT

  19. AGRICULTURAL INSTITUTIONS PLANTATION HACIENDA • PRODUCTION FOR EXPORT • SINGLE CASH CROP • SEASONAL EMPLOYMENT • PROFIT MOTIVE $$$ • MARKET VULNERABILITY • DOMESTIC MARKET • DIVERSIFIED CROPS • YEAR ROUND JOBS • SMALL PLOT OF LAND • SELF-SUFFICIENT EJIDO • SMALL SURPLUSES • LAND “OWNERSHIP” • COMMUNAL VILLAGE • COLLECTIVE

  20. MIDDLE AMERICA I(chapter 4: 184-195)

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