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Chapter 22 The Age of the Nation State

Chapter 22 The Age of the Nation State. Before 1860 there are only two major nation-states in Europe. Some are Nation-states but are small and not powers Portugal Switzerland Netherlands Scandinavian countries. There were small states that comprised the fragments of a country like:

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Chapter 22 The Age of the Nation State

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  1. Chapter 22 The Age of the Nation State

  2. Before 1860 there are only two major nation-states in Europe

  3. Some are Nation-states but are small and not powers Portugal Switzerland Netherlands Scandinavian countries

  4. There were small states that comprised the fragments of a country like: Hanover, Baden, Wurttemberg, Sardinia, Tuscany, Modena There were sprawling empires made up of many ethnic groups: Austria, Russia, Ottoman Empire

  5. Governments find that they can not effectively rule or develop power except by harnessing the sense of membership and support of their subjects

  6. The consolidation falls into 2 phases • The union of preexisting smaller states • Creation of new ties between the government and the governed

  7. Most of the new and redesigned nation-states are the results of a series of wars that begin in 1854 with the Crimean War and ends in 1870 with the Franco-Prussian War

  8. Significance of the Crimean War • Weakens Austria and Russia-two powers most concerned with preserving peace of 1815 and preventing change • First war covered by newspaper correspondents • Women formalize their role as nurses

  9. Florence Nightingale & the Red Cross

  10. Russia wanted to take advantage of the decaying Ottoman Empire Move into two principalities Moldavia and Wallachia – claim to be protecting Christians in the Empire

  11. Tsar Nicholas also claims to protect foreign Christians in Palestine France also claims jurisdiction over Westerners in the Middle East Napoleon III urges Turkey to resist Russian encroachment

  12. War begins between Russia and Turkey in late 1853 By 1854 France and England joined Turkey England wants to stop Russian expansion

  13. British quickly blockade the Russians in both the Baltic and Black Seas

  14. Austria does not want to see Russia become more influential in the Balkans, and does not want France and England to get all the glory and benefits Austria joins the war even though they are still recovering from the revolts of 1848-49

  15. Military events were mainly the British and French siege on Russian base at Sebastopol Most famous event was the Charge of the Light Brigade at the Battle of Balaclava

  16. Orders for an attack were miscommunicated and the cavalry was given the wrong target The charge was made by the Light Brigade of the British cavalry, consisting of the 4th and 13th Light Dragoons, 17th Lancers, and the 8th and 11th Hussars, under the command of Major General the Earl of Cardigan.

  17. The Charge of the Light Brigade

  18. The Charge of the Light Brigadeby Alfred lord Tennyson "Forward, the Light Brigade!"Was there a man dismayed?Not though the soldier knewSome one had blundered:Their's not to make reply,Their's not to reason why,Their's but to do and die:Into the valley of DeathRode the six hundred.Cannon to right of them,Cannon to left of them,Cannon in front of themVolleyed and thundered;Stormed at with shot and shell,Boldly they rode and well,Into the jaws of Death,Into the mouth of HellRode the six hundred.

  19. After nearly two years of fighting Tsar Nicholas dies and the new tsar Alexander II asks for peace While the troubles in the Balkans stop for a while, there are other issues that will disturb the peace: Italian unity Prussian nationalism Napoleon’s need for glory

  20. RISORGIMENTO

  21. A growing feeling of Risorgimento or resurgence was sweeping through Italy Two attempts had been made to drive out Austria and unite Italy in 1848-49 – each failed

  22. The man behind these attempts was Giuseppe Garibaldi

  23. Two lessons were demonstrated by these attempt: 1.The pope could not be expected to support any attempt at unity: anti-democracy 2. Austria could not be driven out with out some outside help

  24. The individual who learned most from these lessons was the Prime minister of Piedmont, Camillo Cavour

  25. He joins the Crimean War on the side of England and France hoping they might help against Austria While England could not be convinced he was able to interest Napoleon III

  26. As a follower of Realpolitik Cavour introduces the steamship, industry, and modern banking to the Piedmont so could be prepared for a leadership role in a unified Italy

  27. Napoleon had a ‘doctrine of nationalities’ which said the consolidation of nations was a forward step Helping Italy against reactionary Austria would win points back home with French liberals whom Nap III was suppressing

  28. Piedmont and France win two victories The victories spurred popular uprisings throughout Italy This caused problems for Napoleon III: -he was not a fan of popular uprisings -Catholics in France worried about the effects on the power of the Pope

  29. Napoleon makes a separate peace with Austria This did not stop the revolts in Italy. Tuscany, Modena, Parma, and Romagna drove out the old rulers and asked to be annexed by Piedmont

  30. Good news: England and France recognize the new northern Italian state (France gets Nice and Savoy in return) Bad news: Pope mad about Romagna which belonged to the Papal States so he excommunicated the organizers of the new Italy

  31. Italy in 1860 consisted of: A north Italian kingdom Papal states in the middle Kingdom of the Two Sicilies

  32. Italy 1860

  33. The Two Sicilies was subjected to revolutionary agitation Giuseppe Garibaldi, a Piedmontese republican, organized 1500 men – RedShirts – for a movement south

  34. Revolutionaries from the area joined him as he entered the kingdom The government, which was corrupt, had little popular support and collapsed What next? Cavour worried about what a march on Rome and the Pope would mean-protected by French troops

  35. Cavour convinces republican Garibaldi the best solution is a constitutional monarchy Garibaldi rides through streets of Naples with Victor Emmanuel, king of Piedmont

  36. Garibaldi and Victor Emmanuel

  37. Plebiscites in Two Sicilies and the remaining papal states(except Rome) vote to join Piedmont. 1861 the Kingdom of Italy is proclaimed with Victor Emmanuel II as king Venetia added in 1866 Rome annexed in 1870

  38. Two issues remain unresolved: • Italia irredenta-unredeemed Italy areas with Italians that were still not part of the new country such as Trieste • With occupation of Rome in 1870 there is a greater split between the church and the state. Patriots are anti-cleric and good Catholics are suspicious of the state

  39. Map of Italy 1861

  40. The Founding of Germany

  41. Map of Germany in 1850 Map of Germany in 1850

  42. The division of the German states had been policy for two European powers: France had followed this since the Reformation Russia had since they began to take part in European affairs

  43. Division of German allowed for the development of cultural and economic leadership of the West

  44. Nationalism grows in Germany as a result of the Napoleonic Wars German philosophers like Hegel expound a theory that criticizes individualism and glorifies group loyalty They emphasize the evolution of history which ordains particular outcomes

  45. The revolutions of 1848 and the Frankfurt Assembly failed to bring unity or liberalism to German By 1850 the same governments were ruling the German states The confederation set up in 1815 was also restored

  46. While the political situation remained the same, there was tremendous economic change The output of both coal and iron increased 600% By 1870 Germany produced more iron than France

  47. The question was who would take the lead in the unification of Germany? There are only two possibilities: Austria Prussia

  48. Prussia The smallest of the great powers It’s status as a great power based on its army By the time of the Crimean War Prussia appears to be on the decline

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