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CHAPTER 24 Driver Information and Navigation Systems

CHAPTER 24 Driver Information and Navigation Systems. OBJECTIVES. After studying Chapter 24, the reader will be able to: Prepare for ASE Electrical/Electronic Systems (A6) certification test content area “F” (Gauges, Warning Devices, and Driver Information System Diagnosis and Repair).

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CHAPTER 24 Driver Information and Navigation Systems

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  1. CHAPTER 24 Driver Information and Navigation Systems

  2. OBJECTIVES After studying Chapter 24, the reader will be able to: • Prepare for ASE Electrical/Electronic Systems (A6) certification test content area “F” (Gauges, Warning Devices, and Driver Information System Diagnosis and Repair). • Be able to identify the meaning of dash warning symbols. • Discuss how a fuel gauge works. • Explain how to use a service manual to troubleshoot a malfunctioning dash instrument. • Describe how a navigation system works. • List the various types of dash instrument displays.

  3. Backup camera CFL Combination valve CRT EEPROM GPS HUD IP LCD LDWS LED NVRAM Phosphor PM generator Pressure differential switch RPA Stepper motor VTF WOW display KEY TERMS

  4. DASH WARNING SYMBOLSPURPOSE AND FUNCTION • All vehicles are equipped with warning lights that are often confusing to drivers. • Because many vehicles are sold throughout the world, symbols instead of words are being used as warning lights. • The dash warning lights are often called telltale lights as they are used to notify the driver of a situation or fault.

  5. DASH WARNING SYMBOLSBULB TEST • When the ignition is first turned on, all of the warning lights come on as part of a self-test and to help the driver or technician spot any warning light that may be burned out. • Technicians or drivers who are familiar with what lights should light may be able to determine if one or more warning lights are not on when the ignition is first turned on. • Most factory scan tools can be used to command all of the warning lights on to help determine if one is not working.

  6. DASH WARNING SYMBOLSENGINE FAULT WARNING • Engine fault warning lights include the following: • Engine coolant temperature • Engine oil pressure • Water in diesel fuel warning • Maintenance required warning • Malfunction indicator lamp (MIL), also called a check engine or service engine soon (SES) light.

  7. FIGURE 24–1 Engine coolant temperature is too high. FIGURE 24–2 Engine oil pressure too low. DASH WARNING SYMBOLSENGINE FAULT WARNING

  8. FIGURE 24–4 Maintenance required. This usually means that the engine oil is scheduled to be changed or other routine service items replaced or checked. FIGURE 24–3 Water detected in fuel. Notice to drain the water from the fuel filter assembly on a vehicle equipped with a diesel engine. DASH WARNING SYMBOLSENGINE FAULT WARNING

  9. FIGURE 24–5 Malfunction indicator lamp (MIL), also called a check engine light. The light means the engine control computer has detected a fault. DASH WARNING SYMBOLSENGINE FAULT WARNING

  10. DASH WARNING SYMBOLSELECTRICAL SYSTEM–RELATED WARNING LIGHTS • Charging system fault. • This warning lamp will come on when the ignition is first turned on as a bulb check and if a fault in the charging system has been detected. • The lamp could include a fault with any of the following: • 1. Battery state of charge (SOC), electrical connections, or the battery itself • 2. Alternator or related wiring

  11. FIGURE 24–6 Charging system fault detected. DASH WARNING SYMBOLSELECTRICAL SYSTEM–RELATED WARNING LIGHTS

  12. DASH WARNING SYMBOLSSAFETY-RELATED WARNING LAMPS • Safety-related warning lamps include the following • Safety belt warning lamp • Airbag warning lamp • Red brake fault warning light • Brake light bulb failure • Worn brake pads • Antilock brake system (ABS) fault • Low tire pressure warning

  13. FIGURE 24–7 Fasten safety belt warning light. FIGURE 24–8 Fault detected in the supplemental restraint system. DASH WARNING SYMBOLSSAFETY-RELATED WARNING LAMPS

  14. FIGURE 24–9 Fault detected in base brake system. FIGURE 24–10 Brake light bulb failure detected. DASH WARNING SYMBOLSSAFETY-RELATED WARNING LAMPS

  15. FIGURE 24–11 Exterior light bulb failure detected. FIGURE 24–12 Worn brake pads or linings detected. DASH WARNING SYMBOLSSAFETY-RELATED WARNING LAMPS

  16. FIGURE 24–14 Low tire pressure detected. FIGURE 24–13 Fault detected in antilock brake system. DASH WARNING SYMBOLSSAFETY-RELATED WARNING LAMPS

  17. Check the Spare • Some vehicles that are equipped with a full-size spare tire also have a sensor in the spare. If the warning lamp is on and all four tires are properly inflated, check the spare.

  18. DASH WARNING SYMBOLSDRIVER INFORMATION SYSTEM • Door open or ajar warning light • Windshield washer fluid low • Low fuel warning. • Headlights on light • Low traction detected • Electronic stability control • Traction off • Cruise indicator lamp

  19. FIGURE 24–16 Windshield washer fluid low. FIGURE 24–15 Door open or ajar. DASH WARNING SYMBOLSDRIVER INFORMATION SYSTEM

  20. FIGURE 24–17 Low fuel level. FIGURE 24–18 Headlights on. DASH WARNING SYMBOLSDRIVER INFORMATION SYSTEM

  21. FIGURE 24–20 Vehicle stability control system either off or working if flashing. FIGURE 24–19 Low traction detected. Traction control system is functioning to restore traction (usually flashes when actively working to restore traction). DASH WARNING SYMBOLSDRIVER INFORMATION SYSTEM

  22. FIGURE 24–22 Indicates that the cruise control is on and able to maintain vehicle speed if set. FIGURE 24–21 Traction control system has been turned off. DASH WARNING SYMBOLSDRIVER INFORMATION SYSTEM

  23. FIGURE 24–23 A typical oil pressure sending unit provides a varying amount of resistance as engine oil pressure changes. The output from the sensor is a variable voltage. OIL PRESSURE WARNING DEVICES • OPERATION • OIL PRESSURE LAMP DIAGNOSIS

  24. The Low Oil Pressure Story • After replacing valve cover gaskets on a Chevrolet V-8, the technician discovered that the oil pressure warning lamp was on. After checking the oil level and finding everything else okay, the technician discovered a wire pinched under the valve cover. • The wire went to the oil pressure sending unit. The edge of the valve cover had cut through the insulation and caused the current from the oil lamp to go to ground through the engine. Normally the oil lamp comes on when the sending unit grounds the wire from the lamp. • The technician freed the pinched wire and covered the cut with silicone sealant to prevent corrosion damage.

  25. FIGURE 24–24 A temperature gauge showing normal operating temperature between 180°F and 215°F, depending on the specific vehicle and engine. TEMPERATURE LAMP DIAGNOSIS

  26. FIGURE 24–25 Typical brake warning light switch located on or near the master brake cylinder. BRAKE WARNING LAMP

  27. FIGURE 24–26 The red brake warning lamp can be turned on if the brake fluid level is low. BRAKE WARNING LAMP

  28. ANALOG DASH INSTRUMENTS • An analog display uses a needle to show the value, whereas a digital display uses numbers. • Analog electromagnetic dash instruments use small electromagnetic coils that are connected to a sending unit for such things as fuel level, water temperature, and oil pressure. • The sensors are the same regardless of the type of display used. • The resistance of the sensor varies with what is being measured.

  29. FIGURE 24–27 Electromagnetic fuel gauge wiring. If the sensor wire is unplugged and grounded, the needle should point to “E” (empty). If the sensor wire is unplugged and held away from ground, the needle should point to “F” (full). ANALOG DASH INSTRUMENTS

  30. IGURE 24–28 A typical instrument display uses data from the sensors over serial data lines to the individual gauges. NETWORK COMMUNICATIONDESCRIPTION

  31. STEPPER MOTOR ANALOG GAUGESDESCRIPTION • Most analog dash displays use a stepper motor to move the needle. • A stepper motor is a type of electric motor that is designed to rotate in small steps based on the signal from a computer. • This type of gauge is very accurate.

  32. FIGURE 24–29 Most stepper motors use four wires which are pulsed by the computer to rotate the armature in steps. STEPPER MOTOR ANALOG GAUGESOPERATION

  33. FIGURE 24–30 The ground for the “check oil” indicator lamp is controlled by the electronic low-oil buffer. Even though this buffer is connected to an oil level sensor, the buffer also takes into consideration the amount of time the engine has been stopped and the temperature of the engine. The only way to properly diagnose a problem with this circuit is to use the procedures specified by the vehicle manufacturer. Besides, only the engineer who designed the circuit knows for sure how it is supposed to work. STEPPER MOTOR ANALOG GAUGESDIAGNOSIS

  34. FIGURE 24–31 A typical head-up display showing zero miles per hour, which is actually projected on the windshield from the head-up display in the dash. HEAD-UP DISPLAY • The head-up display (HUD) is a supplemental display that projects the vehicle speed and sometimes other data, such as turn signal information, onto the windshield. • The projected image looks as if it is some distance ahead, making it easy for the driver to see without having to refocus on a closer dash display.

  35. FIGURE 24–32 The dash-mounted control for the head-up display on this Cadillac allows the driver to move the image up and down on the windshield for best viewing. HEAD-UP DISPLAY

  36. FIGURE 24–33 A typical head-up display (HUD) unit. HEAD-UP DISPLAY

  37. FIGURE 24–34 A night vision camera behind the grille of a Cadillac. NIGHT VISION • PARTS AND OPERATION • DIAGNOSIS AND SERVICE

  38. DIGITAL ELECTRONIC DISPLAY OPERATION • TYPES • LED DIGITAL DISPLAYS • LIQUID CRYSTAL DISPLAYS • VACUUM TUBE FLUORESCENT DISPLAYS • CATHODE RAY TUBE • COLD CATHODE FLUORESCENT DISPLAYS • ELECTRONIC ANALOG DISPLAYS • WOW DISPLAY

  39. FIGURE 24–35 (a) Symbol and line drawing of a typical light-emitting diode (LED). (b) Grouped in seven segments, this array is called a seven-segment LED display with a common anode (positive connection). The dash computer toggles the cathode (negative) side of each individual segment to display numbers and letters. (c) When all segments are turned on, the number 8 is displayed. DIGITAL ELECTRONIC DISPLAY OPERATION

  40. FIGURE 24–36 A typical navigation system. This Honda/Acura system uses some of the climate control functions as well as the trip information on the display. This particular unit uses a DVD unit in the trunk along with a global positioning satellite (GPS) to display a map and your exact location for the entire country. DIGITAL ELECTRONIC DISPLAY OPERATION

  41. FIGURE 24–37 (a) View of the vehicle dash with the instrument cluster removed. Sometimes the dash instruments can be serviced by removing the padded dash cover (crash pad) to gain access to the rear of the dash. (b) The front view of the electronic analog dash display. (c) The rear view of the dash display showing that there are a few bulbs that can be serviced, but otherwise the unit is serviced as an assembly. DIGITAL ELECTRONIC DISPLAY OPERATION

  42. The Bulb Test • Many ignition switches have six positions. Notice the bulb test position (between “on” and “start”). When the ignition is turned to “on” (run), some dash warning lamps are illuminated. When the bulb test position is reached, additional dash warning lamps often are lighted. Technicians use this ignition switch position to check the operation of fuses that protect various circuits. Dash warning lamps are not all powered by the same fuses. If an electrical component or circuit does not work, the power side (fuse) can be quickly checked by observing the operation of the dash lamps that share a common fuse with the problem circuit. Consult a wiring diagram for fuse information on the exact circuit being tested.

  43. FIGURE 24–38 Typical ignition switch positions. Notice the bulb check position between “on” (run) and “start.” These inputs are often just voltage signal to the body control module and can be checked using a scan tool. The Bulb Test

  44. FIGURE 24–39 Many newer vehicles place the ignition switch on the dash and incorporate antitheft controls. Note the location of the accessory position. The Bulb Test

  45. The Speedometer Works as if It Is a Tachometer • The owner of a Lincoln Town Car complained that all of a sudden the speedometer needle went up and down with engine speed rather than vehicle speed. In fact, the speedometer needle went up and down with engine speed even though the gear selector was in “park” and the vehicle was not moving. After hours of troubleshooting, the service technician went back and started checking the basics and discovered that the generator (alternator) had a bad diode. The technician measured over 1 volt AC and over 10 amperes AC ripple current using a clamp-on AC/DC ammeter. Replacing the generator restored the proper operation of the speedometer.

  46. The Soldering Gun Trick • Diagnosing problems with digital or electronic dash instruments can be difficult. Replacement parts generally are expensive and usually not returnable if installed in the vehicle. A popular trick that helps isolate the problem is to use a soldering gun near the PM generator. • A PM generator contains a coil of wire. As the magnet inside revolves, a voltage is produced. It is the frequency of this voltage that the dash (or engine) computer uses to calculate vehicle speed.

  47. The Soldering Gun Trick • A soldering gun plugged into 110 volts AC will provide a strong varying magnetic field around the soldering gun. This magnetic field is constantly changing at the rate of 60 cycles per second. This frequency of the magnetic field induces a voltage in the windings of the PM generator. This induced voltage at 60 hertz (Hz) is converted by the computer circuits to a miles per hour (mph) reading on the dash. • To test the electronic speedometer, turn the ignition to “on” (engine off) and hold a soldering gun near the PM generator.

  48. The Soldering Gun Trick • If the PM generator, wiring, computer, and dash are okay, the speedometer should register a speed, usually 54 mph (87 km/h). If the speedometer does not work when the vehicle is driven, the problem is in the PM generator drive. • If the speedometer does not register a speed when the soldering gun is used, the problem could be caused by the following: • Defective PM generator (check the windings with an ohmmeter) • Defective (open or shorted) wiring from the PM generator to the computer • Defective computer or dash circuit

  49. FIGURE 24–40 A vehicle speed sensor located in the extension housing of the transmission. Some vehicles use the wheel speed sensors for vehicle speed information. ELECTRONIC SPEEDOMETERSOPERATION • Electronic dash displays ordinarily use an electric vehicle speed sensor driven by a small gear on the output shaft of the transmission. • These speed sensors contain a permanent magnet and generate a voltage in proportion to the vehicle speed. • These speed sensors are commonly called permanent magnet (PM) generators.

  50. The Toyota Truck Story • The owner of a Toyota truck complained that several electrical problems plagued the truck, including the following: • 1. The cruise (speed) control would kick out intermittently. • 2. The red brake warning lamp would come on, especially during cold weather. • The owner had replaced the parking brake switch, thinking that was the cause of the red brake warning lamp coming on. • An experienced technician checked the wiring diagram in service information. Checking the warning lamp circuit, the technician noticed that the same wire went to the brake fluid level sensor. The brake fluid was at the minimum level. Filling the master cylinder to the maximum level with clean brake fluid solved both problems. The electronics of the cruise control stopped operation when the red brake warning lamp was on as a safety measure.

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