Parallelism

1. Parallelism (or parallel structure)

2. Parallel Structure/Parallelism • matching grammatical structures • Lists should be grammatically parallel or grammatically matched. • rhetorical device throughout literature and in speeches, advertising copy, and popular songs.

3. Importance of Parallelism • When you write a thesis statement, often you have to summarize three reasons in parallel form. • Example: Tobacco should be outlawed because it endangerseveryone’s health, pollutesthe environment, and drains us of valuable energy.

4. Parallelism in Sentences • Poor: Betty has intelligence, honesty, and she is funny. • Improved: Betty has intelligence, honesty, and she is funny humour. • Poor: Good writing requires you to plan outlines, write several drafts, and revision. • Improved: Good writing requires you to plan outlines, write several drafts, and revision revise your work.

5. Parallelism in Lists • Poor: I left my job for several reasons: • The pay was poor • Long hours • I found the work tedious • Equipment was dangerous • Improved: I left my job for several reasons: • Poor pay • Long hours • Tedious work • Dangerous equipment

6. Repeating parts of a sentence for parallel structure • She needs to go to the store and (to the) park. =with two items, you can repeat as much or as little as you want, but shorter is better • She needs to go to the store, park, and to the office. =don’t repeat words for the third one but not the second Free powerpoint template: www.brainybetty.com

7. Choose the correct words to make the sentence parallel. Ron was an expert tennis player and _____. A. went fishing B. fished C. liked to go fishing D. an avid fisherman

8. Choose the correct words to make the sentence parallel. Ron was an expert tennis player and _____. A. went fishing B. fished C. liked to go fishing D. an avid fisherman

9. Choose the correct words to make the sentence parallel. Don would always open the mail, throw away the junk mail, and _____. A. to organize the bills. B. organizing the bills C. organize the bills D. organization of the bills

10. Choose the correct words to make the sentence parallel. Don would always open the mail, throw away the junk mail, and _____. A. to organize the bills. B. organizing the bills C. organize the bills D. organization of the bills

11. Choose the correct words to make the sentence parallel. Rebecca was not only my boss but also ______. A. is my friend B. says she is my friend C. friendly D. my friend

12. Choose the correct words to make the sentence parallel. Rebecca was not only my boss but also ______. A. is my friend B. says she is my friend C. friendly D. my friend

13. Not Parallel These boys could name the types of trees, flowers, and some kinds of birds in the forest. Parallel These boys could name the types of trees, flowers, and birds in the forest.

14. Not Parallel The man was lonely, old, and a grump. Parallel The man was lonely, old, and grumpy.

15. Not Parallel The model learned to speak well, walking with poise, and that she must apply makeup correctly. Parallel The model learned to speak well, to walk with poise, and to apply makeup correctly.

16. Free powerpoint template: www.brainybetty.com

17. Choose the sentence that has parallel structure. A. I wondered whether to make an outline first or I should write the rough draft. B. I wondered whether to make an outline first or to write the rough draft. C. I wondered whether to make an outline first or writing rough draft. D. I wondered whether to make an outline first or that I should write a rough draft.

18. Choose the sentence that has parallel structure. A. I wondered whether to make an outline first or I should write the rough draft. B. I wondered whether to make an outline first or to write the rough draft. C. I wondered whether to make an outline first or writing rough draft. D. I wondered whether to make an outline first or that I should write a rough draft.

19. Choose the sentence that has parallel structure. A. The teacher came into the room, he paused before the class, and began the lesson. B. The teacher came into the room, he paused before the class, and he began the lesson. C. The teacher came into the room, he paused before the class, and decided to begin the lesson. D. The teacher came into the room, he paused before the class, and beginning the lesson.

20. Choose the sentence that has parallel structure. A. The teacher came into the room, he paused before the class, and began the lesson. B. The teacher came into the room, he paused before the class, and he began the lesson. C. The teacher came into the room, he paused before the class, and decided to begin the lesson. D. The teacher came into the room, he paused before the class, and beginning the lesson.

21. Choose the sentence that has parallel structure. A. Her choices were one, to begin college, or two, to find a job. B. Her choices were one, begin college, or two, be an employee. C. Her choices were one, begin college, or two, that she find a job. D. Her choices were one, beginning college, or two, find a job.

22. Choose the sentence that has parallel structure. A. Her choices were one, to begin college, or two, to find a job. B. Her choices were one, begin college, or two, be an employee. C. Her choices were one, begin college, or two, that she find a job. D. Her choices were one, beginning college, or two, find a job.

23. Sample Item • Directions: Choose the sentence that has no errors in structure. • Eileen bought new shoes for the party, a gold charm for her mother, and to treat her best friend Maria to lunch. • Eileen decided to buy new shoes for the party, purchasing a gold charm for her mother, and treating her best friend Maria to lunch. • Eileen purchased new shoes for the party, a gold charm for her mother, and lunch for Maria, her best friend. • Eileen bought new shoes for the party, a gold charm for her mother, and to treat her best friend Maria to lunch. • Eileen decided to buy new shoes for the party, purchasing a gold charm for her mother, and treating her best friend Maria to lunch. • Eileen purchased new shoes for the party, a gold charm for her mother, and lunch for Maria, her best friend.

24. Sample Item • Directions: Choose the sentence that has no errors in structure. • Eileen bought new shoes for the party, a gold charm for her mother, and to treat her best friend Maria to lunch. • Eileen decided to buy new shoes for the party, purchasing a gold charm for her mother, and treating her best friend Maria to lunch. • Eileen purchased new shoes for the party, a gold charm for her mother, and lunch for Maria, her best friend. • Eileen bought new shoes for the party, a gold charm for her mother, and to treat her best friend Maria to lunch. • Eileen decided to buy new shoes for the party, purchasing a gold charm for her mother, and treating her best friend Maria to lunch. • Eileen purchased new shoes for the party, a gold charm for her mother, and lunch for Maria, her best friend.

25. Item 1 • Barking dogs, kittens that were meowing, and squawking parakeets greet the pet shop visitors. • Barking dogs, meowing kittens, and squawking parakeets greet the pet shop visitors. • Dogs that bark, kittens that meow, and parakeets squawking greet the pet shop visitors. • Barking dogs, kittens that were meowing, and squawking parakeets greet the pet shop visitors. • Barking dogs, meowing kittens, and squawking parakeets greet the pet shop visitors. • Dogs that bark, kittens that meow, and parakeets squawking greet the pet shop visitors.

26. Item 1 • Barking dogs, kittens that were meowing, and squawking parakeets greet the pet shop visitors. • Barking dogs, meowing kittens, and squawking parakeets greet the pet shop visitors. • Dogs that bark, kittens that meow, and parakeets squawking greet the pet shop visitors. • Barking dogs, kittens that were meowing, and squawking parakeets greet the pet shop visitors. • Barking dogs, meowing kittens, and squawking parakeets greet the pet shop visitors. • Dogs that bark, kittens that meow, and parakeets squawking greet the pet shop visitors.

27. Item 2 • During class, Samuel spent his time flirting with Brittney, eating candy, and doodling on the assignment sheet. • During class, Samuel spent his time flirting with Brittney, he ate candy, and doodling on the assignment sheet. • During class, Samuel spent his time to flirt with Brittney, to eat candy, and doodling on the assignment sheet. • During class, Samuel spent his time flirting with Brittney, eating candy, and doodling on the assignment sheet. • During class, Samuel spent his time flirting with Brittney, he ate candy, and doodling on the assignment sheet. • During class, Samuel spent his time to flirt with Brittney, to eat candy, and doodling on the assignment sheet.

28. Item 2 • During class, Samuel spent his time flirting with Brittney, eating candy, and doodling on the assignment sheet. • During class, Samuel spent his time flirting with Brittney, he ate candy, and doodling on the assignment sheet. • During class, Samuel spent his time to flirt with Brittney, to eat candy, and doodling on the assignment sheet. • During class, Samuel spent his time flirting with Brittney, eating candy, and doodling on the assignment sheet. • During class, Samuel spent his time flirting with Brittney, he ate candy, and doodling on the assignment sheet. • During class, Samuel spent his time to flirt with Brittney, to eat candy, and doodling on the assignment sheet.

29. Item 3 • Alex looked everywhere for his math book—under the bed, on his desk, and he searched inside the refrigerator. • Alex looked everywhere for his math book—viewing under the bed, searching on his desk, and inside the refrigerator. • Alex looked everywhere for his math book—under the bed, on his desk, and inside the refrigerator. • Alex looked everywhere for his math book—under the bed, on his desk, and he searched inside the refrigerator. • Alex looked everywhere for his math book—viewing under the bed, searching on his desk, and inside the refrigerator. • Alex looked everywhere for his math book—under the bed, on his desk, and inside the refrigerator.

30. Item 3 • Alex looked everywhere for his math book—under the bed, on his desk, and he searched inside the refrigerator. • Alex looked everywhere for his math book—viewing under the bed, searching on his desk, and inside the refrigerator. • Alex looked everywhere for his math book—under the bed, on his desk, and inside the refrigerator. • Alex looked everywhere for his math book—under the bed, on his desk, and he searched inside the refrigerator. • Alex looked everywhere for his math book—viewing under the bed, searching on his desk, and inside the refrigerator. • Alex looked everywhere for his math book—under the bed, on his desk, and inside the refrigerator.

31. Item 5 • After giving Jeremy her phone number, Felicia had to tolerate his late night calls, stupid conversations, and requests for her math homework. • After giving Jeremy her phone number, Felicia had to tolerate his late night calls, the fact that he carried on stupid conversations, and requests for her math homework. • After giving Jeremy her phone number, Felicia had to tolerate being woken up late at night, having stupid conversations, and he constantly requested her math homework. • After giving Jeremy her phone number, Felicia had to tolerate his late night calls, stupid conversations, and requests for her math homework. • After giving Jeremy her phone number, Felicia had to tolerate his late night calls, the fact that he carried on stupid conversations, and requests for her math homework. • After giving Jeremy her phone number, Felicia had to tolerate being woken up late at night, having stupid conversations, and he constantly requested her math homework.

32. Item 5 • After giving Jeremy her phone number, Felicia had to tolerate his late night calls, stupid conversations, and requests for her math homework. • After giving Jeremy her phone number, Felicia had to tolerate his late night calls, the fact that he carried on stupid conversations, and requests for her math homework. • After giving Jeremy her phone number, Felicia had to tolerate being woken up late at night, having stupid conversations, and he constantly requested her math homework. • After giving Jeremy her phone number, Felicia had to tolerate his late night calls, stupid conversations, and requests for her math homework. • After giving Jeremy her phone number, Felicia had to tolerate his late night calls, the fact that he carried on stupid conversations, and requests for her math homework. • After giving Jeremy her phone number, Felicia had to tolerate being woken up late at night, having stupid conversations, and he constantly requested her math homework.

33. Item 6 • Pasta boiling in water, __________, and garlic bread baking in the oven welcomed Francisco as he opened the door. • simmered tomato sauce in the pan • tomato sauce simmering in the pan • tomato sauce that simmered in the pan • saucy tomatoes that were simmering in the pan • Pasta boiling in water, __________, and garlic bread baking in the oven welcomed Francisco as he opened the door. • simmered tomato sauce in the pan • tomato sauce simmering in the pan • tomato sauce that simmered in the pan • saucy tomatoes that were simmering in the pan

34. Item 6 • Pasta boiling in water, __________, and garlic bread baking in the oven welcomed Francisco as he opened the door. • simmered tomato sauce in the pan • tomato sauce simmering in the pan • tomato sauce that simmered in the pan • saucy tomatoes that were simmering in the pan • Pasta boiling in water, __________, and garlic bread baking in the oven welcomed Francisco as he opened the door. • simmered tomato sauce in the pan • tomato sauce simmering in the pan • tomato sauce that simmered in the pan • saucy tomatoes that were simmering in the pan

35. Item 7 • During our vacation in the Bahamas, we hope __________, to enjoy beautiful sunsets, and to dance ourselves dizzy at reggae clubs. • that we eat delicious seafood • that eating delicious seafood occurs • to eat delicious seafood • eating delicious seafood • During our vacation in the Bahamas, we hope __________, to enjoy beautiful sunsets, and to dance ourselves dizzy at reggae clubs. • that we eat delicious seafood • that eating delicious seafood occurs • to eat delicious seafood • eating delicious seafood

36. Item 7 • During our vacation in the Bahamas, we hope __________, to enjoy beautiful sunsets, and to dance ourselves dizzy at reggae clubs. • that we eat delicious seafood • that eating delicious seafood occurs • to eat delicious seafood • eating delicious seafood • During our vacation in the Bahamas, we hope __________, to enjoy beautiful sunsets, and to dance ourselves dizzy at reggae clubs. • that we eat delicious seafood • that eating delicious seafood occurs • to eat delicious seafood • eating delicious seafood

37. Item 8 • Karen wished Ray chewed with his mouth closed, for otherwise he was everything she wanted in a date; he was tall, intelligent, and __________. • he looked good • being good looking • one handsome man to look at • handsome • Karen wished Ray chewed with his mouth closed, for otherwise he was everything she wanted in a date; he was tall, intelligent, and __________. • he looked good • being good looking • one handsome man to look at • handsome

38. Item 9 • To win Laurie’s love, Albert visited the florist for roses, the drugstore for a box of chocolates, and __________. • bought an expensive gold necklace at the jewelry store • the jeweler for an expensive gold necklace • the jeweler where he bought an expensive gold necklace • to buy an expensive gold necklace • To win Laurie’s love, Albert visited the florist for roses, the drugstore for a box of chocolates, and __________. • bought an expensive gold necklace at the jewelry store • the jeweler for an expensive gold necklace • the jeweler where he bought an expensive gold necklace • to buy an expensive gold necklace

39. Item 9 • To win Laurie’s love, Albert visited the florist for roses, the drugstore for a box of chocolates, and __________. • bought an expensive gold necklace at the jewelry store • the jeweler for an expensive gold necklace • the jeweler where he bought an expensive gold necklace • to buy an expensive gold necklace • To win Laurie’s love, Albert visited the florist for roses, the drugstore for a box of chocolates, and __________. • bought an expensive gold necklace at the jewelry store • the jeweler for an expensive gold necklace • the jeweler where he bought an expensive gold necklace • to buy an expensive gold necklace

40. Item 10 • Kimberly won’t date Terry because he is too short, too noisy, and _________. • because he picks his teeth with his fingers • too impolite • is the most impolite man she has ever met • Picking his teeth with his fingers • Kimberly won’t date Terry because he is too short, too noisy, and _________. • because he picks his teeth with his fingers • too impolite • is the most impolite man she has ever met • Picking his teeth with his fingers

41. Item 10 • Kimberly won’t date Terry because he is too short, too noisy, and _________. • because he picks his teeth with his fingers • too impolite • is the most impolite man she has ever met • Picking his teeth with his fingers • Kimberly won’t date Terry because he is too short, too noisy, and _________. • because he picks his teeth with his fingers • too impolite • is the most impolite man she has ever met • Picking his teeth with his fingers