AP ENVS: one handout/ fast announcements!

1. AP ENVS: one handout/ fast announcements! MES: #10: Essays to be graded #13: Midnite tonight #19, 20: Sunday Apr 6 ------- Sunday Apr 13 EXAM II: Thursday Apr 10 #19-21 S GUIDE: Sunday HANDOUT: SCORING FOR RECENT FR CALC HANDOUT SELF-SCORE QUESTIONS ON MONDAY

2. 20: CONVENTIONAL ENERGY ALTERNATIVES • NUCLEAR • - Take three questions • BIOENERGY • HYDROELECTRIC POWER

3. BIOENERGY

7. “E85” 85% ETHANOL

8. BIODIESEL: RENEWABLE AND CLEANER!

9. biodieselCYCLE! + 3 RCO2CH3 fatty acid methyl ester glycerol RCH3 regular diesel Na/CH3OH O2 CO2 + H2O plant oil: glycerol tri-ester

10. biogasoline....??!! • GENETICALLY ALTER PLANT TO SYNTHESIZE SHORTER-CHAIN GLYCEROL TRIESTERS

11. ALGAE: NEXT-GENERATION BIOFUELS

12. bioenergy: pros & cons PROS: Renewable Reduce explosion hazard (methane) Potentially “carbon-neutral” CONS: Land use Competing food markets Increased use of pesticides/herbicides/fertilizers

13. hydroelectric

18. hydropower: pros & cons PROS: No greenhouse emissions Renewable Flood control New recreational opportunities Drinking water supply CONS: Major ecosystem disruption Displace whole towns/farms Aesthetics Catastrophic failure risk

20. chap 21: new renewable energy alternatives

21. chap 21: new renewable energy alternatives SOLAR ENERGY WIND POWER GEOTHERMAL ENERGY OCEAN ENERGY HYDROGEN FUEL CELLS FUSION...??!!

22. new renewable energy alternatives: solar, wind >> others

23. but f fuels, conventional alternatives >> solar, wind

24. SOLAR ENERGY: Passive v Active v Photovoltaic • Passive Solar: Building design/construction/materials selected to maximize heat absorption in winter, deflect heat in summer. • Active: Flat plate solar collector: connected to fluid-filled pipes, closed loop heat exchanger: Air, water heating

25. ACTIVE PASSIVE: GEHC

26. active solar: FLAT PLATE SOLAR COLLECTOR

27. PHOTOVOLTAIC CELLS: • Conversion of light energy to electrical. Special materials, elements: n-type later (P)|p-type layer (B) • PV cells more common: prices down/production up, tax credits

28. In the U.S. tax code, the ITC is a 30 percent tax credit for solar systems on residential (under Section 25D) and commercial (under Section 48) properties. Under current law, the ITC will remain in effect through December 31, 2016. It is incumbent on every member of the U.S. solar industry to be mindful of applicable laws and remain fully compliant with all statutory and regulatory requirements of the ITC and related programs. For more information on the Section 48 credit, please review this factsheet on Cost Basis for the ITC and 1603 Applications. 

29. FUTURE OF SOLAR • BUT STILL V MINOR COMPONENT OF TOTAL ELECTRIC POWER GENERATION: << 1% USA • No committment by political leaders • Oil lobby interference? • Germany leads the way • SOLAR DRAWBACKS: Startup cost, location

30. WIND TURBINES

31. WIND TURBINES • SAME TURBINE AS THAT USED FOR HYDRO POWER, NUCLEAR, COAL • RAPID GROWTH COMPARABLE TO SOLAR • LARGER % THAN SOLAR • Denmark leads the way: 20% of the nation's electrical power • WIND POWER IS VERY EFFICIENT: Energy Returned on Investment (EROI): • Wind: Generates 23 times more E than consumed • Nuclear: 16 • Coal: 11

33. WIND “CONS” • Land use • bird deaths • reliability • location: siting: NIMBy • NIMBy: Not in my backyard

34. GEOTHERMAL • Tapping the tremendous E of the Earth's interior • Hot GW wells: direct heating of homes, offices, industrial processes • Geothermal power plants: bring superheated water under high pressure to surface and convert to steam. • Power turbine with steam. • CONS: May not be "renewable", toxic gases, cause earthquakes

37. OCEAN ENERGY • Use the E of wave motion to spin turbines • Large tidal differences: