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Women’s dual shift - women’s quality of life in dual-career marriages Natasza Kosakowska

Women’s dual shift - women’s quality of life in dual-career marriages Natasza Kosakowska Institute of Psychology University of Gdańsk in cooperation with Aneta Chybicka, Maria Kaźmierczak, Paulina Petrus Is science inspirational? Is life inspirational?!?

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Women’s dual shift - women’s quality of life in dual-career marriages Natasza Kosakowska

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  1. Women’s dual shift -women’s quality of life in dual-career marriages Natasza Kosakowska Institute of Psychology University of Gdańsk in cooperation with Aneta Chybicka, Maria Kaźmierczak, Paulina Petrus Is science inspirational? Is life inspirational?!? Opportunities for work-life balance Science Policies Meet Reality: Gender, Women, Youth and Science In Central and Eastern Europe

  2. GENDER ROLES – theoretical overview GENDER ROLES significant element of knowledge concerning activities and behaviour attributed to women and men Bem, 2000; Mandal, 2000; Eagly, 1987; Eagly, Wood, 1999; Deaux, Lewis, 1983,1984

  3. GENDER ROLE STEREOTYPES Gender roles lead to stereotype formation and maintenance (Eagly, 1987) Men’s behaviour independence leaders competence masters GENDER ROLES – theoretical overview Women’s behaviour • caregivers • supporters • relationship builders (Deaux, Lewis, 1983, 1984; Eagly i Steffen, 1983; Eagly, 1987; Hoffman i Hurt, 1990;Tannen, 1999)

  4. GENDER ROLES – theoretical overview • Egalitarian – traditional marriage model in Poland (CBOS, 1996, 2006); model preferences: partnership – 41%; traditional model – 32%, CBOS, 2006) • Decreasing number of people who claim that it is mainly women’s duty to take care of house and children and the men’s to be the breadwinner– 40,8% in 1994, 26,5% in 2002 (PGSS 1992-2002) • Increasing number of women occupy managerial posts - 35% in 2002,38% in 2003 (PIP reports 2002-2003) • 58% of women declare they wouldn’t resign from their career, regardless of their husbands’ high earnings (CBOS, 2003)

  5. GENDER ROLES – theoretical overview • SOCIAL EXPECTATIONS AS A STRONG BEHAVIOUR MODIFIER • POLAND • Men as a subject of stronger stereotyping (Hort, Beverly, Leinbach, 1990; Hudak, 1993) • Polish Mother Ethos as a strong, normative model of feminity (Titkow, 1995; Strykowska, 1992) • Women’s second shift – women as a subject of stroneger stereotyping (Titkow, Duch-Krzysztoszek, Budrowska, 2004; Kosakowska, 2005, 2006)

  6. GENDER ROLES – theoretical overview • GENDER ROLES AND INDIVIDUAL’S WELL-BEING • Relationship between men’s and women’s involvement in gender roles and their subjective well-being and marital satisfaction • (Barnett, Baruch, 1985; Moore, 1995; Lu,2000; Barnett, Hyde, 2001; Plopa, 2003; Rostowska, Rostowski,2005)

  7. GENDER ROLE CONFLICT?SCARCITY PERSPECTIVE Edwards, Rothbard, 2000 Moore (1995) Strategy 1 Strategy 2

  8. Strategy 2 • Spend more time at work • Professional work more burdensome • Have more support from the family • Find professional roles more important Strategy 1 • Spend more time on household duties • Domestic work more burdensome • Receive less support from the family • Find family roles more important • Earn less

  9. GENDER ROLE CONFLICT? • Expansionist Theory (Barnett, Hyde, 2001) • Multiple roles are beneficial (reflected by mental health, physical health and relationship health • There are important processes that increase the beneficial effect of multiple roles: • buffering • added income • social support • opportunities to experience success 3. The benefits depend on the number of roles and their time demands (overload and distress, role quality vs role quantity) 4. Strong commitment to one role does not preclude strong commitment in the other • expanded frame of reference • increased self-complexity • similarity of experiences • gender-role ideology

  10. STUDY • How women themselves view their quality of life with respect to the multiple roles they have to meet? • Which of the roles they consider to be the most important ones? • Do they themselves claim to suffer from gender role conflict? Or do they benefit from multiple roles? • Do they adopt „either- or”, „more or less” strategies( Moore, 1995) to deal with any interference caused by multiple roles? • Are there any differences within the above variables, depending on the women’s choice of career path?

  11. PARTICIPANTS • 106 women from female-oriented working enviroment participants • 65 women from male-oriented working • enviroment participants • 40 female university researchers • *all participants were married • and had at least one child

  12. METHOD • Satisfaction with life scales (women’s subjective appraisalof quality of life), concerning different aspects of life (questions concerning e.g. house chores share, relations with partner, with children etc.) • Cantril's Self-Anchoring Ladder of Life Satisfaction(1965) • Gender role conflict scale („work-family conflict”, „work-family benefits”) (Moore, 1995, Frone, 2003) • Perception of home and work burden and time allotted to the roles’ requirements and life domains (family, work, leisure: actual vs ideal, conditions of self-realization) 5. Women’s own assessment of priorities given to each of the roles fulfilled

  13. RESULTS

  14. Satisfaction with different aspects of life (scale 1-7) F= 10,28p < 0,001 F= 7,14p < 0,001 F= 3,5p < 0,05

  15. Role priorities (scale 1-7) F= 9,36p < 0,0001

  16. Gender role conflict F= 6,09p < 0,001 F= 5,2p < 0,001

  17. No difference between group 1 and 2 in the level of overall happiness (6,67/10) higher than the level of average Polish woman ( 4,69/10). Young female researchers felt happier than the other two groups (7,2/10) All three groups would like to work less and have more time for family and leisure (women from male-working environment declared more time spent at work than the other two groups, F=6,718, p <001 and had less time to spent with family, F=9,29, p < 0,001) All three groups are more satisfied with their family and work aspects than leisure time (interests, social life etc.) They don’t perceive domestic roles’ burden as high

  18. What conditions need to be fulfilled for your full self-realization?

  19. What conditions need to be fulfilled for your full self-realization? – university researchers

  20. The declared benefits of multiple roles outscore their costs in all three groups (p < 0,001) The costs are the lowest for the women from female-oriented environment and the benefits the highest for female researchers All three groups declared similar work demands and responsibilities, but the university researchers were the least willing to resign from it (F= 13,7, p < 0,001) All three groups consider domestic and family roles as more important than proffesional roles (stereotypically male) Young female researchers seem to value their work as more important than the other two groups and rank their professional roles higher than the other two groups

  21. CONCLUSIONS

  22. Women do not declare gender role conflictregardless of the career path chosen? Strategy 1 • Spend more time on household duties • Domestic work more burdensome • Receive less support from the family • Find family roles more important • Earn less Strategy 2 • Spend more time at work • Professional work more burdensome • Have more support from the family • Find professional roles more important

  23. GENDER ROLES „BACKLASH EFFECT”

  24. Self-presentation as potential modifier of the received results • Opportunities for work-life balance Superwoman syndrome? • University researchers – career very important

  25. Thank you! psynk@univ.gda.pl

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