Topics for today… System Analysis & Design Cyber Laws- IT Act 2000 E-governance E-payments

1. Topics for today… • System Analysis & Design • Cyber Laws- IT Act 2000 • E-governance • E-payments CIL Test Study material

2. Systems Analysis and Design What is it? • Systems analysis • Process of studying an existing system to determine how it works and how it meets user needs • Systems design • Process of developing a plan for an improved system, based upon the results of the systems analysis CIL Test Study material

3. Systems Analyst • Professional computer employee who performs analysis and design • Change agent • Overcome reluctance of users to change • Typical career path • Programmer • Programmer / Analyst • Systems Analyst CIL Test Study material

4. Systems AnalystFunctions Coordination • Schedules and system-related tasks • Personnel CIL Test Study material

5. Systems AnalystFunctions • Coordination Schedules and system-related tasks • Personnel Communication • Oral presentations • Written documentation Planning and design • Plans and designs new system • Involved from beginning of project through final implementation of the system CIL Test Study material

6. Project Phases • Planning (Why build the system? How should the team go about building it?) • Analysis(Who uses system, what will it do, where and when will the system be used?) • Design (How will the system work?) • Implementation (System delivery) CIL Test Study material

7. Planning • Identifying business value • Analyze feasibility • Develop work plan • Staff the project • Control and direct project CIL Test Study material

8. Analysis • Analysis strategy • Gathering business requirements • Requirements definition use cases • Process modeling • Data modeling CIL Test Study material

9. Design • Design selection • Architecture design • Interface design • Data storage design • Program design CIL Test Study material

10. Implementation • Construction • Program building • Program and system testing • Installation • Conversion strategy • Training plan • Support plan CIL Test Study material

11. SDLCSystems Development Life Cycle • Preliminary investigation • Analysis • Design • Development • Implementation CIL Test Study material

12. SDLCPreliminary Investigation • Feasibility study / System survey • Determine the problem • Describe the problem • Understand management decisions • Organizational chart • Informal hierarchy • Produces rough plan and what to do CIL Test Study material

13. SDLCPreliminary Investigation Problem Definition • Nature of the problem Separate problem from symptoms of problem • Scope of the project Budget and schedule • Objectives of the project What user thinks system should do CIL Test Study material

14. SDLCPreliminary Investigation Report What you have found Recommendations Financially feasible CIL Test Study material

15. SDLCAnalysis • Understand the existing system • Gather data • Analyze data • Establish system requirements CIL Test Study material

16. SDLCAnalysis – Data Gathering • Written documents • Interviews • Structured • Unstructured • Questionnaires • Observation • Visits by appointment • Participant observation • Sampling CIL Test Study material

17. SDLCAnalysis – Analyze Data • How the current system works • Determine system requirements • Basis for documentation • Tools • Data flow diagram (DFD) • Decision tables CIL Test Study material

18. SDLCAnalysis – Data Flow Diagram CIL Test Study material

19. SDLCAnalysis –Decision Tables CIL Test Study material

20. SDLCAnalysis – System Requirements • Detailed list of things the system must be able to do • Design is based upon system requirements • Agreement upon requirements is needed before proceeding CIL Test Study material

21. SDLCAnalysis – Report to Management • Summarize problems • Describe requirements • Cost analysis • Recommendations for next step • Obtain authorization to proceed CIL Test Study material

22. SDLCDesign • Planning the new system • Two phases • Preliminary design • Detail design CIL Test Study material

23. SDLCPreliminary Design Major system aspects • Centralized or distributed • Online or batch • PC-based? • How will input be captured? • Necessary reports CIL Test Study material

24. SDLCPreliminary Design • Make or buy decision • Packaged software • Meet at least 75% of requirements? • Change business procedures for part or all of remainder? • Customize for part of all of remainder? • Custom software • Programmers write code • Outsourcing • System is developed by external organization CIL Test Study material

25. SDLCPreliminary Design • Create an overall plan • Offer alternatives that meet requirements • Explain differences • Evaluate costs CIL Test Study material

26. SDLCPreliminary Design • Build a prototype • Limited working system of subset • Does not need true functionality • Output looks like anticipated system output • Working model that can be modified and fine-tuned • Uses high-level software tools – CASE • Best for small-scale systems CIL Test Study material

27. SDLCPreliminary Design CASE tools Computer-Aided Software Engineering • Supports specific analysis and design tasks • Integrated environment that supports the entire systems development process CIL Test Study material

28. SDLCPreliminary Design Presentation • All alternatives • Selected plan • Prototype of the system • Obtain authorization to proceed CIL Test Study material

29. SDLCDetail Design Parts of detail design phase • Output requirements • Input requirements • Files and databases • Systems processing • Systems controls and backup CIL Test Study material

30. SDLCDetail Design Output requirements • Medium • Type of reports • Contents CIL Test Study material

31. SDLCDetail Design CIL Test Study material

32. SDLCDetail Design Input requirements • Medium • Content • Input forms • Validation • Volume CIL Test Study material

33. SDLCDetail Design Files and Databases • Organization • Access • Format of records • Coordinate with database administrator regarding external databases and updating CIL Test Study material

34. SDLCDetail Design Flowchart Symbols CIL Test Study material

35. SDLCDetail Design CIL Test Study material

36. SDLCDetail Design Systems Controls and Backup • Insure that input is processed correctly • Prevent fraud and tampering • System journals • Backup of system files CIL Test Study material

37. SDLCDetail Design Report to Management • Detailed design specifications report • Presentation • Obtain authorization to proceed CIL Test Study material

38. SDLCDevelopment • Doing the work to bring the new system into being • Scheduling CIL Test Study material

39. SDLCDevelopment • Programming • Refine the design • Detailed logic flowcharts and pseudocode • Testing • Unit testing • System testing • Volume testing CIL Test Study material

40. SDLCImplementation • Converting to the new system • Training • Equipment conversion • File conversion • System conversion • Auditing • Evaluation • Maintenance CIL Test Study material

41. SDLCImplementation – Training • Begin during testing • User’s manual (Technical Writers) • Hands-on • Training consideration • Space • Equipment • Data • User’s schedules CIL Test Study material

42. SDLCImplementation – Conversion • Equipment • Planning • Installation of new equipment • File • Manual to electronic • Special programs to convert old format to new CIL Test Study material

43. SDLCImplementation – Conversion • System • Direct conversion • Phased conversion • Pilot conversion • Parallel conversion CIL Test Study material

44. SDLCImplementation –Auditing • Audit trail • Trace output back to source CIL Test Study material

45. SDLCImplementation – Evaluation • Working • Meets original requirements • Benefits • Meets budget • Improvements CIL Test Study material

46. SDLCImplementation – Maintenance Ongoing activity for life of system CIL Test Study material

47. 2.1 Create Student Record Student Creating DFDs • Define Entities • External entities represent persons, processes or machines which produce data to be used by the system or receive data that is output by the system • Examples: Student, Customer, Client • Define Processes • Processes are discrete actions that transform input data to output data • Examples: Create Student Record, Calculate Purchase Cost, Register Client CIL Test Study material

48. Student Master D3 New Student Information Creating DFDs (cont’d) Define Data Stores • Data stores are temporary or permanent repositories of information that are inputs to or outputs of processes • Examples: Student Master, Client List Define Data Flows • Data flows represent the transfer of data over time from one “place” (entity, process, data store) to another • Examples: New Student Information (from Student, to Student Master) (Templates are posted in l:\academic\90728\DFDSymbols.ppt) CIL Test Study material

49. Creating DFDs (cont’d) Define the System • A system is the collection of all business processes which perform tasks or produce outputs we care about. It is “what happens.” • The system is a single process, connected to external entities • Represented in a “Context Diagram” Define Subsystems • A subsystem gives a more detailed view individual processes contained in the context diagram • Includes data stores, more elementary processes (Figure 4.13, Shelly, Cashman and Rosenblatt) CIL Test Study material

50. Where to Begin Creating DFDs • Start with the data flow from an external entity and work forwards • Start with the data flow to an external entity and work backwards • Examine the data flows into or out of a data store • Examine data flows, entity connections and data stores associated with a particular process • Note fuzzy, ill-defined areas of the system for further clarification CIL Test Study material